Introduction Of Psychographic Segmentation And The Market...

Introduction of Psychographic Segmentation Psychographic segmentation is a market segmentation strategy that divides the market into groups based on social class, lifestyle, and personality characteristics. Psychographic segmentation is based on the theory that the types of products and brands an individual purchases will reflect a person’s characteristics and their patterns of living. Social class is one of the three key variable for these type of company research purposes, which divides the population into groups based on their individual or household income. Marketers segment social class for the promotion advertising and promotion of services and products such as clothes, home furnishings, and leisure activities. For instance, someone of the lower social class would be able to eat McDonald’s rather than eating at Ruth Chris every weekend because McDonald’s reasonable prices. Lifestyle can be defined as how someone is currently living. In marketing, lifestyle characteristics are known to influence the buyer decision process for consumers. Marketers are known to segment markets according to consumer lifestyles. Marketers promote their products as reflections of consumer lifestyles. For example, Kellogg’s’ promote gluten-free, nourishing products with wholesome ingredients that are ideal for someone living a healthy and active life. Personality elements can be used to segment markets as well. Marketers give products personalities that match consumer personalities inShow MoreRelatedChery a Case Study of Market Segmentation, Targeting and Market Positioning1103 Words   |  5 PagesCHERY A CASE STUDY OF MARKET SEGMENTATION, TARGETING AND MARKET POSITIONING Introduction Built in 1997 Chery is one of the famous Chinese car manufacturers aiming at building ‘independent Chinese brand’ and is now on its way to be international. 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Modern Accounting Systems Free Essays

Modern Accounting Systems Marcello F. Pirrelli Introduction to Accounting – ACC 205 Professor: Beher Haski 01 October 2012 Part I: Introduction Over the years, through trial and error, modern accounting systems have changed for both the better and worse. Modern accounting systems fulfill the basic accounting needs while offering increased accuracy in tracking trends, enabling collaboration and giving quick access to data. We will write a custom essay sample on Modern Accounting Systems or any similar topic only for you Order Now Computerized solutions offer the traditional transaction processing, classification of data and reporting while simultaneously increasing the range of inputs to give a clearer and more comprehensive picture of the financial health of a company (Gambling, 1975). The topic I selected for this research paper is how modern account systems have made a difference in modern organizations. Before taking this course I was unsure of how accounting was used in businesses or the way it was formatted. I aquired tremendous amount of knowledging from taking this class, from analysing transactions to utilizing accounting formats correctly (Gordon, 1937). During my high school and early college years I used excel spreadsheets for various projects, but never did I have to utilize them to the extent I did in my Accoungting class. I learned how to successful create balance sheets, income statements, and so much more. Lastly, the cirriculum provided enabled me to correctly use different accounting ledgers to create successful and understandable business financial statement. Modern technology and systems are making accounting processes more cost efficient, which subsequently strengthens a companies ability to increase their profits. Part II: Body Whether a small corner-store or large multimillion dollar organizations, each was created with its own innovations based on their believe of having the best account perspectives. They were successful for a short time by applying new costs such as JIT systems, which showed a significant improvement of their cost and budgeting systems. Their sociological perspective can be understood as a point of view that focuses not only on individuals in a company, but on the whole group or society (Romney, 2011). However, unfortunately many flaws and late technology slowed their progress down with many flaws that could have been improved with their value of modern management accounts systems. The main change has been the amount of money spent by organizations. In the past, companies big or small needed a dozen accounting clerks in order to prepare all documents manually, and of course this was time consuming which generated large wage payout. Today, small and large companies use modern computerized software on computers that can perform a more accurate detail submission. This new technology only requires a small group of people if not one or two people performing the accounting section, which minimizes the money spent on hiring personnel. In addition, another factor to consider when speaking of modern account systems is perpetual inventory systems (PTS). This controls the inventory in all stores and main warehouse by single scans. The scans come from the cashier ringing the merchandise which is automatically added to the order sheets. Larger companies such as Wal-Mart and Target provided the sales floor employees with handheld computers that track in store stock as well as inventory controls. These moderns’ scanners control the operations of the company, as employees work products to sales floor each item is scanned and tracked, then ordered automatically if needed. While working at Wal-Mart, each employee was required to carry at least one per department. The handheld was the kiosk for the entire store. If provided inventory controls, counting and ordering methods. As well as accounts processes that would allow the employee to create worksheets to log in numbers and as well as operating cost. These handhelds are costly and very power as a desktop computer, which makes them useful and most improved modern accounts systems to date (Romney, 2011). In addition to technology updated to improve accounts systems, the funds of companies have also been updated by the modern changes in organizations. The way information is processed and how quickly it can be changed or updated has improved business transactions. Financial information is available to organizations faster and easier by simply typing the needed data. The company is able to understand they information faster and easier without having to search through many book records and years. These modern accounts systems and the faster data have improved cost and payroll, such as how fast employees can be paid (Gordon, 1937). The modern account systems also have many flaws as it did in the past. Even though our amount of time and labor spent has been reduced by using electronics doesn’t mean errors still do not exist. Because the information is delivered much faster, the lack of understanding how to use the information has been ignored (Gambling, 1975). The fast growing technology has not been taught property by large organizations because it is growing too fast for employees and employers to keep up with. The old way of using account systems was slow, but the lacks of errors were slim because they thoroughly understand the inner workings of how their systems worked. Both human and electronic input controls how errors are a factor in new accounting systems compared to older systems where each documents was hand written and checked by humans only. Chapter 1 provided a lot of insight regarding accounts systems and the key functions they played in the â€Å"checks and balances† process of book-keeping. From speaking to individuals in the accounting career field, to taxing authorities and in-between, these all provided good references for me. When dealing with business transactions many different factors are used. The below example is from (Horngren, Harrison, Oliver, 2012) |Cash |Accounts receivable |Office supplies |Land |Liabilities |Owner’s equity |Type of Owner’s Equity transactions | |Balance |21,900 |2000 |500 | |200 |35,200 | | |(11) |-2,000 | | | | |-2,000 |Owner withdrawal | |Balance |19,9000 |2000 |500 | |200 |33,200 | | | | | | | | | | | | Such as transactions 1: starting the business, this is very important as it shows owner investment which can increase or decrease assets. Transaction 2: purchases of land or rental agreements, which also adds assets, equity and liabilities to the statement. Transaction 3: purchases of office supplies, which is important for the well-being of the business, this increases the liabilities, accounts payable transactions. Transaction 4: earning of service revenue, this adds value to owner’s equity, and capital. Transaction 5: earning of service revenue on account which this adds value to the owner’s equity. Transaction 6: payment of expenses, this can be transactions such as employee salaries, utilities and rent, which subtracts from the owner’s equity. Transaction 7: payment of accounts which is payments or rental payments, this also subtracts funds from cash and liabilities. Transaction 8 is based on personal transactions. Transactions 9: collection on accounts which is labeled as accounts receivable which paid from clients for work performed. Transactions 10: is the sale of land, which subtracted from the land category. Finally, transaction 11: withdrawal of cash, this is when the owner withdraws cash from the account for personal use only. Part III: Conclusion Over the last 5 weeks, I have learned so much valuable information that will help me improve my work skills when I enter a job and my personal use. Over the upcoming years, technology will change and improve even more than it has to allow us to access accounting systems quicker and easier. Since this class I have learned how to prepare documents and financial statements. This course has also improved my current situation, since working in retail it is hard to understand the inner workings of companies, but having this valuable information improves the way I can do my job. Through trial and error modern account systems improved our basic and advanced accounting needs and historical data provides evidence that modern technology and systems have and continue to make accounting processes more cost efficient. Part IV: References Gambling, T. (1975). Modern Accounting. Charlotte, NC: MacMillan. Gordon, D. W. (1937). Modern Accounting Systems. Osmania Univ: John Wiley And Sons Inc. Horngren, C. , Harrisons, W. T. Oliver, M. S. (2007). Accounting (9th Ed). New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. Romney, M. B. (2011). Accounting Information Systems (12th Ed). Boston, MA: Prentice Hall. How to cite Modern Accounting Systems, Essay examples

International Investment and Japan Essay Example For Students

International Investment and Japan Essay Political IndicatorsPolitical StabilityRating:2005:12345672010:1234567Analysis:Japans current domestic goal is to strengthen the political party system. In recent years, a series of scandals have damaged the integrity of not only individual politicians, but also entire parties (Fraser). Since the 1970s, there have been several changes in the government due to all the scandals. Since 1996, stability has been restored to the political system due to the election of Ryuturo Hashimoto (Fraser). Japans government strongly distanced itself from communist countries during the Cold War but now currently has ties to several Asian countries. Lately Japan has developed a more westernized approach in regards to its political system, and things will continue to get better due to an increased public trust in the current majority, the liberal democrats. Even though Japan has a multi-party system, it has generally been dominated recently by this party. The government is divided into three branches, a nd the liberal democrats hold a majority of the seats in the legislative branch (Fraser). Japan will continue to incorporate a more global approach to its policies and model their political structures and policies on the west. This has worked as no major scandals have occurred in the past ten years, and politics there will become more stable. Public Policies Impacting Foreign Direct InvestmentRating:2005:12345672010:1234567Analysis:All the major policies regarding business in Japan are decided by 12 ministries in Tokyo, and then local governments implement them (1996 Country Commercial Guide). They have power over the Japanese economy with the thousands of required licenses, permits, and approvals that regulate business there. Although Japanese businesses have prospered for many years in a tightly regulated environment, in Japans current recession, they are now calling for deregulation because they can deal with foreign competition and that the governments over-regulation is only protecting inefficient small companies while forcing manufacturing to move offshore (1996 Country Commercial Guide). American companies initially start at a disadvantage in Japan, but become successful after a short period of time when a presence has been established. A little over 200 of the U.S. Fortune 500 companies have a direct investment in Japan, and 45 of the 50 leading exporters in the U.S. do so as well (1996 Country Commercial Guide). The government in Japan has removed most of the legal restrictions on exports to and from the foreign investment there and is currently seeking ways to increase this trade (1996 Country Commercial Guide). The U.S. and Japanese governments continue to work on removing anti-competitive and exclusionary business practices through bilateral dialogue (1996 Country Commercial Guide). The average tariff in Japan is now one of the worlds lowest. The country expanded their list of duty-free manufactured products by 2400 items out of 7000 items listed on the tariff schedule (1996 Country Commercial Guide). In addition to customs, there is a 3% tax on all goods sold i n Japan and payment is required at the time of import. The statistics prove that U.S. firms in Japan are very successful; this trend will most definitely continue as relations between the two countries will only get better. Views of Political LeadersRating:2005:12345672010:1234567Analysis:Japan has several major political parties with differing views including the: Liberal Democratic Party, Democratic Party, Social Democratic Party, Liberal Party, Communist Party, Heiwa Kaikuku, Komei, and Sakigake (Ito). Liberal Democratic Party:This has been the most dominant party in the last 40 years. Despite the name, the party is conservative and protects business interests. The LDP controls 101 seats in the upper house and 263 in the lower house (Ito). Democratic Party:The Democratic Party is the largest opposition of Japans bicameral system. They are interested in seeking more open markets, greater deregulation and tax cuts. The Democratic Party has 47 seats in the upper house and 92 in the lower house (Ito). Social Democratic Party:This political group is strongly opposed to the Liberal Democratic Party with views on expanding Japans military role and strengthening relations between the U.S. Support for the party was gained through unions, but they have recently waned; seats in the upper house are 13 while having 15 in the lower house (Ito). Liberal Party:The Liberal Party believes in deregulation and more of a participation in government affairs controlling 12 seats in the upper house and 40 in the lower house (Ito). Communist Party, Heiwa, Kaikuku, Komei, Sakigake:These parties have few seats in Japans bicameral legislative system whose views are independent of other major parties. The political system and views of Japan are similar to those of the United States, except for the fact that they have more active parties in power, with one holding a very large majority, the Liberal Democratic Party. Having such a dominant party is not good for change, but Japan has maintained government stability and should continue to do so for years to come. Major Political EventsRating:2005:12345672010:1234567Analysis:The realignment of the Japanese political system, which began in the early 90s, is continuing today and is the only major political event that has changed the face of Japanese politics. It will probably take several years before all the consequences of the new electoral system for the Lower House of the National Diet make itself felt (1996 Country Commercial Guide). Most believe that Japan will continue to be governed by coalitions as the political landscape continues to evolve. The Liberal Democratic Party has been in control for about ten years and continues to introduce conservative bills catering to interests of businesses. The political landscape looks to remain stable for several years. DemocracyRating:2005:12345672010:1234567Analysis:Japan has a very strong democratic system because it believes in respecting human rights much like the United States. The role of the Emperor is merely symbolic such as the Queen of England. A parliamentary form of government exists in Japan with a head of government, the prime minister which is elected by parliament, and the National Diet (1996 Country Commercial Guide). Elections for the prime minister take place in the Lower House, the more powerful legislative house, and are held once every four years (1996 Country Commercial Guide). Upper house elections are every three years. Citizens of Japan do not have a say in the selection of the prime minister or elections in the National Diet. However, politicians respect the values and beliefs of individuals and this trust is what guides them. Of course, corruption occurs in Japan just as it does in the United States, and politicians in the U.S. are supposed to carry out the wishes of citizens just like Japan. Tensions between U.S. and JapanRating:2005:12345672010:1234567Analysis:The relationship with Japan and the United States is characterized by a close cooperation on many important issues and is anchored by the U.S. Japan Security Treaty (1996 Country Commercial). The policies of Japan compliment those of the United States. These two countries are currently working together to tackle problems such as AIDS, growth of the population, and environment protection. Excellent relations exist between Japan and the U.S. and they will only get closer. Support for Current GovernmentRating:2005:12345672010:1234567Analysi s:The only series of movements that were due to distrust of government policies occurred in the 60s and 70 when Japan was growing at a phenomenal rate which caused severe pollution (McCargo 146). Government acted quickly to impose laws restricting pollution and catered to the needs of the people. By the time the 1980s came, the government was clearly supported. In the mid-1980s, the Liberal Democratic Party had acted to make accommodations for citizens by adjusting policies for everyones best interest (McCargo 148). Since the late 80s there have been little to no protests against the government, due to them hearing citizens issues and acting upon them quickly. A trust has been created between the people and the government, and it still continues today. Influence of Anti-Business GroupsRating:2005:12345672010:1234567Analysis:The economy is doing very well in Japan, therefore there are not many anti-business groups. The majority LDP party supports the interests of business and so do most of the other political parties in Japan (Ito). Once again loyalty comes into play as it is part of Japanese culture; citizens are loyal to government as government is loyal to citizens. Businesses provide individuals with lifelong job and acceptable living conditions. This trend has occurred several years ago and will definitely continue in the future as long as the Japanese economy is stable. Public Opinion of Foreign OwnershipRating:2005:12345672010:1234567Analysis:Japanese are open to FDI and the government has liberalized the process. In 1991, the government of Japan amended several foreign trade laws so businesses do not need prior notification for non-restricted industries but the same rules apply to restricted industries such as the petroleum industry (1996 Country Commercial Guide). In the sectors that require prior notification, the Japanese government can restrict the entrance of foreign business if it feels that it will affect the performance of the economy. Business parks in Tokyo, Osaka, and Nagoya constantly seek opportunities of foreign businesses. Also, in 1994, several laws were changed to encourage foreign retailers in Japan which included the changing of the closing time, the raising of a reporting obligation from 500 square meters to 1000 square meters, and a reduction of the number of annual closing days (1996 Country Commercial Guide). Since land is s carce, there are still restrictions on foreigners acquiring land and real estate; lease and rental of existing buildings is preferred. Another investment incentive is the lenience of government towards business tax treatment. The people of Japan support foreign investment because it encourages business and provides several employment opportunities. Japan has grown to what it is today also due to the fact that firms have invested in the country, and in order to keep business growing in Japan, FDI needs to be encouraged. The Japanese government and citizens will continue to support FDI for a long time to come. External Threats of WarRating:2005:12345672010:1234567Analysis:Japan is reshaping its military forces as it attempts to tackle a perceived nuclear threat from North Korea and strengthen its role in multinational peacekeeping operations (Tiron). Due to this, parliament recently passed a series of bills that gave the government an increase of power in military emergencies. North Korea has the ability to launch nuclear warheads at Japan, and has previously launched tests over Japans airspace. Japan is currently devising a military expansion plan that could be used to help defend the country against North Korea or China (Brooke). These countries are both sensitive to this idea. Toshiyuki Shikata, a defense analyst says that the major threats at the moment are guerillas, refugees, or missiles from North Korea as well as terrorism and also the long term interests of Japan and China will collide (Brooke). China has nothing to gain from an attack on Japan, due to Japan being a major investor in the country, but conflict may arise over the island of Taiwan (Cortazzi). The country may not have an immediate threat of war, but failing talks with North Korea to cease their nuclear program are not a good sign. The U.S. will protect Japan under a nuclear attack, but since the stakes are extremely large, danger remains unpredictable. Economic IndicatorsEconomic Growth RatesRating:2005:12345672010:1234567Analysis:As of January 4th, 2004, Japans GDP growth was 2.3% (Global Statistics). Japan had a very strong economic growth period from the 60s all the way up to the 80s, but it slowed severely in the 90s (1.7%) due to overinvestment. The government tried to revive the economy, but that failed due to the global recession from 2000-2003. The economic growth rate of 2004 in Japan was the highest recorded since 1996, but that was due to an exceptional 1st quarter, but a lackluster 2nd, 3rd, and 4th quarter (Jones). The factor that is currently helping Japan is the double digit rises in exports that began in 2003. The positive effect of rising exports on profits has been magnified by corporate restructuring that has reduced costs, particularly through cuts in employment and wages, and improved balance sheets boosting profits in 2002-2003 with more gains in 2004 (Jones). These improved conditions have driven investment u p to 6% (Jones). MBA Admissionss - My Three Most Substantial EssayThe Koreans are the largest ethnic minority in Japan. Japanese firms refuse jobs to Koreans due to their foreign citizenship and are immediately expelled or dismissed when discovered (Yi). More discrimination occurs with the Koreans and the police, and entrance to schools, therefore bringing about a high unemployment rate among them. Even though Japan has a past of discrimination, they have recently passed some new laws making certain practices illegal, but inequity still exists today and will most likely continue to exist in the future since most of the Japanese favor a homogenous society. Continued pressure from the UN will make them pass new laws against the profiling. Social CohesionRating:2005:12345672010:1234567Analysis:There is no main problem in the social cohesion of the Japanese. There are low divorce rates, exceptional longevity, cost-effective health care and welfare systems, a high degree of popular satisfaction, widespread self-identification as middle class, an increasing recognition of womens roles in the workforce, improving conditions for minority groups, and growing internationalization (McCargo 77-78). Most Japanese people reject a class based system and roughly 75% identify themselves as middle class. Individuals in Japan highly praise merit as well. Considering there is no main problem in Japan between groups of people, there remains little disagreement since most are satisfied with their lives. This trend will continue to exist. Quality of LifeRating:2005:12345672010:1234567Analysis:The Japanese have exceptional longevity, with life expectancy at birth to be 81.04 years, the fourth highest in the world (Central Intelligence Agency). The country is also ranked as the fourth most developed country in the world (Byrnes). Japan is a very dense country with 333 people per square mile as opposed to the United States with 28 people per square mile (Byrnes). On average, retail prices in New York are only 75% of what they are in Japan, making the country very expensive. People in the United States also have a larger average for housing floor space with 691 square feet compared to 323 square feet. Japan fares worse than the U.S. in these factors: per capita GDP, amount of leisure time, housing conditions, and social conditions; other aspects make it better than the U.S.: affordable public transportation, less crime, lower infant mortality rates, less family income inequality, lower divorce rates, and better health ins urance (Byrnes). About 75% of people are currently satisfied with their life while about 25% are dissatisfied. Given future trends, it looks like the satisfied number will grow smaller. Japanese are also changing their diets which will result in more cardiovascular disease along with higher smoking rates in young women. If Japanese life expectancy and low birthrate continue, the country will have only half of its present population at the end of the 21st century (McCargo 75). The population is also aging very quickly due to an ever growing elderly population. Family StabilityRating:2005:12345672010:1234567Analysis:Traditionally Japan has an extended family structure, making it common for three generations to live in the same household. They live in much more crowded conditions than in Europe and North America. The average ages of marriage of the Japanese have risen from 26.6 for men and 23.8 for women in 1955, to 29.4 for men and 27.6 for women in 2003 (McCargo 62). Dropout rate for high school students in Japan is only 2.2% (McCargo 62). The country also has a very low birthrate at only 9.56 births per 1000 people, and it keeps declining yearly (Central Intelligence Agency). Japans number of divorces in 2003 were 283,906, or 2.25 per 100 people as opposed to 5.9 per 1000 people for marriages. (Statistical Handbook of Japan) Trends show that the number of households in Japan have increased from 30,297 in 1970 to 46,782 in 2000, but members per household have decreased due to the low birthrates and aging of the population (Statistical handbook of Japan). Overall, these statistics are right on track with more developed and industrialized societies, and are fairly stable. BriberyRating:2005:12345672010:1234567Analysis:According to statistics in 1997, about 170 government officials were under arrest, 150 of which were accused of taking bribes (Hasegawa). Cases in which public officials are involved with bribery are few but most bribery instances are carefully planned. When nominations are made on bids for government contracts, the contractors usually bribe the government officials for a more favorable chance. Even though much bribery exists, Japan has a special investigation department which tries to interrupt bribes that are in progress as well as strict penal codes. It can be seen that strict laws work because Japan now ranks 24th in the global corruption index, its lowest level in five years. In general, the same amount of corruption occurs in the US as it does in Japan, just between different people. This bribery and corruption trend will most likely tend to decrease since it has been decreasing for the past 5 years. Cultural BarriersRating:2005:12345672010:1234567Analysis:Language and cultural differences are a major problem for relations with the Japanese and United States. A joint venture operation is needed to relate to firms in Japan. Individuals take pride in their culture and have done so for generations leaving very little room for change, but in order to do business internationally, many firms are starting to take measures to deal with foreigners. Overall SummaryOverall Summary for JapanPolitical IndicatorsCurrent Rating (2005)5 Year Forecast (2010)1. Political Stability672. Public Policies Impacting F.D.I.673. Views of Political Leaders664. Major Political Events665. Democracy776. Tensions with U.S.777. Support for Current Government778. Influence of Anti-Business Groups779. Public Opinion of Foreign Ownership7710. External Threats of War64Total:6565Average:6.56.5Rating: Low RiskEconomic IndicatorsCurrent Rating (2005)5 Year Forecast (2010)1. Economic Growth Rates562. Inflation653. Unem ployment Rates664. Investment Policies775. Fiscal Policies566. Foreign Debt777. Infrastructure668. Remittance of Earnings779. Per Capita Income7710. Competitive Forces77Total:6364Average:6.36.4Rating: Low RiskSocial IndicatorsCurrent Rating (2005)5 Year Forecast (2010)1. Education772. Crime773. Labor Force664. Ethnic Conflict565. Social Cohesion776. Quality of Life657. Family Stability668. Bribery569. Cultural Barriers45Total:5355Average:5.96.1Rating: Low RiskSummary AnalysisOverall Total: 181Country Average: (181 / 29) 6.24Rating: Low RiskComaprison: Ranked 24th in global corruptionRanked 6th in lowest inflation (-0.3%)Ranked 3rd in lowest infant mortality rate (3.3 per 1000)Ranked 4th in life expectancy (81.0)Ranked 4th in most developed country of the worldOne of the densest countriesPer capita murder rate in Japan is 6 times lower than that of the U.S. 1.1% of GDP for education in Japan versus 4.8% for the U.S. Ranked 4th in direct investmentRanked 5th in GNP per capitaRanked Triple-A from Moodys on foreign debtMember of G7Summary:Japan continues to be a very eye-catching country for direct investment as it is ranked 4th compared to the rest of the world in investment. The country is politically stable with government policies encouraging investment from abroad. It is also very democratic much like the United States, and both countries are aligned with one another. There are not many anti-business groups because society encourages business as well as the majority Liberal Democratic Party. Japan is currently devising a military expansion plan due to a perceived nuclear threat from North Korea. The economy is currently undergoing a decent growth rate of 2.3%. There have been many attempts to revive the economy due to the recession of the 90s, but lately businesses have been successful due to an increase in exports. Deflation is currently occurring due to lack of consumer spending and unemployment rates are still low at 4.7%. Once again the government is very comforting to investment in Japan in order to help the economy, and they have recently lowered corporate tax rates and amended laws to accommodate businesses. The country has absolutely no foreign debt and a great infrastructure. Education in Japan is ranked among the highest in the world, with also a very low crime rate. This creates an excellent workforce that is dedicated in working for a company its entire life. Society in Japan is generally cohesive, with a high quality of life, low divorce rates, and high longevity. The only barrier in Japan is the language and culture since many are keen on tradition. Overall, all ratings on political, economic, and social indicators will increase in the next 5 years. The government is doing a lot to encourage investment and spending. Society is very stable and focused on tradition and loyalty. The economy is currently lackluster but shows hope for the future. Japan will only continue to become more attractive. End NotesEnd NotesFollowing are pictures that represent Japanese culture and infrastructure:A typical Japanese city courtesy of horohata.netA bridge in Kobe, Japan courtesy of kathar.comA Japanese eatery courtesy of thelins.orgA cramped bedroom courtesy of thelins.orgNarrow roads and pathways courtesy of thelins.orgA train station in Harajuku, Japan courtesy of pantsofevilgamers.comA skyline of Igor, Japan courtesy of chanime.narod.ruA canal in Asakusa, Japan courtesy of pantsofevilgamers.comBibliographyBibliography1996 Country Commercial Guide. 5 Jul. 1995. U.S. Embassy Japan. 17 Mar. 2005. . Alexander, Arthur J. U.S. Direst Investment in Japan: Another Dimension of the Economic Relationship. 2 May 1997. Japan Economic Institute. 17 Mar. 2005. . Brinsden, Colin. Moodys Rating Rethink Lifts Four Nations to Triple-A. 21 Oct. 2002. Market New Zealand. 11 Apr. 2005 . Brooke, James. Japan Shifts Threat Focus to N. Korea and China. 11 Dec. 2004. International Herald Tribune. 6 Apr. 2005. . Byrnes, Ronald. Assessing the Quality of Life in Japan. 1999. Keizai Koho Fellowships. 29 Mar. 2005. . Central Intelligence Agency. The World Factbook 2004. Washington: 9 Dec. 2004. The Changing Climate for Foreign Direct Investment into Japan. Jul 1999. Australia-Japan Research Centre. 17 Mar. 2005. . Cortazzi, Hugh. Japans Response to Threats. 6 Dec. 2004. The Japan Times. 6 Apr. 2005. . Crime Rate for Different Countries. 23 Apr. 2002. Google Answers. 24 Mar. 2005. . Dabb, Andrew. Ainu. 29 Mar. 2005. . Employment Situation Summary. 1 Apr. 2005. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 9 Apr. 2005. . Fraser, Cleveland. Japan. 1994. Furman. 4 Apr. 2005. . The G7 Members. 2005. HM Treasury. 11 Apr. 2005. . Global Income Per Capita 2004. 2004. finfacts.ie. 11 Apr. 2005. . Global Statistics. 1 Jul. 2004. Google Answers. 7 Apr. 2005. . Hasegawa, Tamotsu. Investigation of Corruption in Japan. 1997. Participants Papers. 30 Mar. 2005. . Hennock, Mary. Japans Budget Tussle Hots Up. 9 Aug 2001. BBC News. 11 Apr. 2005. . Ito, Tim. Major Political Parties in Japan. 1998. Washington Post. 6 Apr. 2005. . Japans Education at a Glance 2004. Nov. 2004. Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology. 24 Mar. 2005. . Japan Inflation Rates. 2003. Worldwide Tax. 9 Apr. 2005. . Japans Jobless Rate Rises. 29 Mar. 2005. CNN.com. 9 Apr. 2005. . Japan Ranks 24th in Global Corruption Index. 21 Oct. 2004. Japan Today. 30 Mar. 2005. . Jones, Randall. Japans Economy. Mar. 2005. OECD Observer. 7 Apr. 2005. . McCargo, Duncan. Contemporary Japan. New York: St. Martins Press, 2000. Mieko, Nakabayashi. Japans Budget Process. Jan 2003. RIETI. 11 Apr. 2005. . Ostrom, Douglas. Japans Net Creditor Position. 8 Aug, 1997. Japan Economic Institute. 11 Apr. 2005. . Shinn, Rinn-Sup. Japans Uncertain Political Transition. 31 Oct. 1996. Congressional Research Service. 17 Mar. 2005. . Social Indicators. 28 Jan. 2005. United Nations Statistics Division. 24 Mar. 2005. . Statistical Handbook of Japan. 2004. Japan Statistics Bureau. 24 Mar. 2005. . Tiron, Roxana. Japan Shapes Military Forces To Tackle Emerging Threats. Aug. 2003. National Defense. 6 Apr. 2005. . The Wizard of Oz Visits Japan. 2004. EconEdLink. 9 Apr. 2005. . Worldwide Education and Library Spending. 2001. OCLC. 24 Mar. 2005. . Yi, Beckie. Koreans Living In Japan: How They Got There, Current Status. 2 Apr. 1995. soc.culture.korean Newsgroup. 29 Mar. 2005. . MapsMapsPolitical map of Japan courtesy of lib.utexas.eduTopographic map of Japan courtesy of sunsite.tus.ac.jpPopulation density of Japan courtesy of UCLA Asia InstituteRelative location and size of Japan courtesy of UCLA Asia Institute Cultural Map of Japan courtesy of UCLA Asia InstituteEconomic map of Japan courtesy of geocities.com/tmljpn01/pl.htm

Narcissism

Introduction An intersubjective view is a perspective in which different parties agree about a certain issue. Narcissism has elicited a lot of interest and research from the psychodynamic school of thought. However, there is surprising agreement about the manifestations, origins, development and treatment of narcissism.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Narcissism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More One demonstrates intersubjective views on a subject by showing how multiple scholars from different schools of thought agree on various aspects of the subject. This report will highlight the intersubjective view of narcissism by comparing object relations theorists to Freudian or ego theorists, self psychology theorists Jungian theorists as well as personality psychologists. Intersubjective view on the definition and manifestation of narcissism Psychologists have a general agreement that a person with narcissistic personal ity disorder is one who exhibits narcissistic behaviour owing to deep-seated feelings of low self esteem (Millon Davis, 1996). They often use arrogance as a cover for their shortfalls. The DSM IV criteria of the condition are indicative of intersubjective agreement. While Millon, a personality theorist, recognised that these behaviours do not come from a place of real confidence and self belief, Forman, a psychodynamic theorist, acknowledges that these individuals often feel empty and unfulfilled (Forman, 1976). Reich, an ego psychology adherent, also concurs with the above, by stating that narcissistic people have an unrealistic view of themselves, yet they cannot measure up to that view (Reich, 1986). This causes them to persistently aspire for high status. Masterson, an objects relations theorist, explains that narcissists are self involved and characterised by depictions of grandiosity (Masterson, 1981). Forman (1976) states that most of these patients strive for perfection, ev en though they have minimal chances of achieving it. Most scholars also have an intersubjective view of the narcissist’s relationship with others. Reich (1986) explains that these individuals do not have a healthy association with others. They instead depend on them to get approval. Forman (1976) adds that they often look to others to gain esteem and respect. Millon Davis (1996) affirm that narcissists often degrade the achievement of others in order to make themselves feel better.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Masterson (1981) claims that it is not unusual to witness feelings of intense envy among them because of the emptiness they feel. Reich (1986) adds that their inadequacies cause them to seek attention from others. When in the presence of others, they will boast and exaggerate their achievements. They often look out for other people’s reactions to them, and are too sensitive to disapproval. In fact, other people’s judgement about them often causes these individuals to experience intense humiliation and sensitivity. Forman (1976) reiterates that a person with the disorder may seek an idealised partner in order to gain affirmation. Masterson (1981) adds that such people will look for perfect partners in order to mirror those idealised qualities for the narcissist. Scholars also agree on some of the manifestations of this condition. The narcissistic person will demonstrate rage even during minor interactions. Such an individual will be offended when his need for approval is frustrated (Reich, 1986). Furthermore, the person is immensely self conscious as his esteem comes from other people’s endorsement. In fact, such a person will undergo sporadic periods of high self esteem and excitement, then go through low moments (Forman, 1976) (Reich, 1986). Masterson (n.d., para. 50) has good explanations concerning why patients exhibit this kind of behaviour. He states that most patients have intimacy and relationship issues because closeness would penetrate their grandiose facade and get to the flawed self. This would trigger feelings of abandonment and devastate the patient. Therefore, the series of narcissistic relationships are enormous. Sometimes, the patient may claim that he lacks friends or may look for unavailable partners. In other scenarios, the narcissistic subject may assert that he feels detached in relationships. All these manifestations depict the need to protect the fragile self from exposure. Additionally, Masterson (n.d., para. 81) explains that persons with this disorder may experience bouts of rage because they have a sense of entitlement, which rarely gets acknowledged.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Narcissism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, other people may not know about that entitlement, hence explaining wh y they cannot acknowledge it. Reich (1986) explains that approval-seeking stems from one’s lack of understanding of their true self. It is a futile attempt at developing a high esteem since one cannot look inward to find this confidence. Wurmser (1981), a Freudian psychologist, explains that subjects will have exhibitionist tendencies because they want to overpower their object. They believe that their words or actions will charm, magnetise and eventually subjugate the other. Origins of narcissism in infancy Most psychodynamic literature traces narcissism to one’s infancy. The pioneer of psychodynamic theory, Sigmund Freud, used his ego theory to explain how narcissism comes about. He starts with the term libido, which refers to the energy that exists in humans owing to sexual and survival impulses. The libido is a prime part of the id, which drives human behaviour. At the infant stage, all humans are born with an innate love for themselves; Freud called this tendency primary narcissism. Usually, the infant’s libido is directed at the self. However, as one grows, then one must learn to redirect this flow of libido to an object. In fact, Freud argued that the goal of therapy should be to replace narcissism with object love (Lee and Martin, 1991). Intersubjective views of infancy exist among a number of scholars. Heinz Kohut, who is the proponent of self psychology, also agreed with Freud on this matter. He believed that human beings had an innate love for the self, and if left unchecked, then it could develop into a narcissistic personality in adulthood (Kohut, 1966). Therefore, the infant treats the world as revolving around himself. Nonetheless, Kohut disagreed with Freud concerning the role of therapy in dealing with narcissism. He claimed that therapists cannot and should not attempt to replace all narcissism with object love as the two can work together (Lee and Martin, 1991). The two scholars differed in terms of therapeutic approache s, but they still had a general consensus about the innate existence of self love in the infant and its modification in adulthood through the introduction of object love.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Childhood experiences and their role in narcissism Kohut (1966) believed that a person’s childhood has an adverse effect on their understanding of the self. As children grow, they exhibit behaviour that is imperative to proper functioning during adulthood. For instance, some of them may have competitive tendencies. However, since their perceptions of the self have not yet developed, then their ability to cultivate this natural behaviour will depend on other people’s reaction. If a child’s family members respond negatively to constructive competitive behaviour, then the child’s perception of the self will be damaged. Some families may reject or humiliate the young person because of exhibiting that conduct. Eventually, the child will suppress that behaviour but it will resurface during their adulthood in a distorted from. One such manifestation is narcissistic behaviour. Almaas (1996) reiterates these sentiments by stating that children are never seen as th ey are. They depend upon external mirrors in order to solidify their senses. The narcissistic need is a primary need for all children as it confirms what they perceive and even allows them to comprehend it. Johnson (1987) also demonstrates intersubjectivity with Kohut (1966) by stating that a child’s weak side ought to be reconciled with their magnificent nature. The familial environment has a large role to play in supporting these two polarities (Johnson, 1987). It can then allow the self to manifest freely. Nonetheless, if the family requires the child to become something that he is not, then chances are that narcissistic injury will occur. Therefore, a general psychoanalyst like Johnson (1987) demonstrates intersubjectivity with Kohut, a self psychologist, concerning the root cause of narcissism in childhood. A child’s experiences can lead to narcissism owing to the helplessness of their situation. Most of the humiliation, unfair treatment, or rejection that takes p lace in childhood cannot be controlled (Kohut, 1966). A child almost feels powerless over the situation that causes him distress. Therefore, such a person may develop a defence mechanism in adulthood where he or she tries to deal with the feeling of helplessness (Wolf, 1988). This narcissist will have a fragile perception of the self in the helpless state, so they may feel compelled to do something to preserve the integrity of the self. Alternatively, situations in which power or specialness is over rewarded may create a sense of vulnerability in the child (Johnson, 1987). Parents may also cause narcissistic injury when they transfer caretaking roles to their children. A child who takes care of their parents will have authority and trust issues. Besides, a child whose achievements elicit envious reactions from parents will experience this condition, as well. The reverse may also be true when a parent lives through their child’s accomplishments, this may also wound the childâ €™s self (Johnson, 1987). Childhood memories of incidences that spark narcissistic rage never disappear. In fact, whenever a person destroys the object that caused him temporary helplessness or shame, another substitute will spark off those feelings again. These experiences in childhood will thus predispose an adult into a pathological state of paranoia (Wolf, 1988). Therefore, Kohut (1966) suggests that therapists must attempt to find the source of that narcissistic discontentment. The importance of tracing one’s childhood experiences is vital to treatment of narcissistic behaviour disorders, according to the self psychology theorist. Intersubjective agreement on the latter fact exists among object relations theorists, as well. Masterson (1981) explains that the degree to which a child’s real self is supported and acknowledged by parents makes a lot of difference. The real self, according to this author is a combination of both good and bad things; it is also spon taneous and autonomous. Almaas (1996), an integral theorist, reiterates that the wrong interpretation of what a child is can cause a sense of betrayal and hurt. Consequently, this leads to confusion about the self. Essentially, the person will grow to become narcissistic. Blanck and Blanck (1974), who are ego theorists, also demonstrate intersubjective agreement by arguing that children loose their self esteem because they get fixated on valuation of the self object. Masterson (n.d., para. 15) also echoes the above sentiments concerning parenting. He claims that persons with narcissistic disorders tend to come from unsupportive homes. Many of their parents try to mould them into perfect beings without thinking about their emotional needs. Therefore, a child will try to be perfect in order to meet a parent’s ideal projections. In adulthood the person will develop a grandiose sense of self in order to protect himself from feelings of abandonment or failure by the parent. Additi onally, if one or all the parents have narcissistic disorders, then chances are the child’s real self will not be supported, and this will lead to narcissism in the child, as well (Masterson, n.d., para. 38). Freud and Kohut also concur on the relevance of idealisation. When children idealise their parents, they learn about the importance of empathising and caring for others through mirroring (Blanck and Blanck, 1974). This allows them to sooth themselves in situations that demand it. Therefore, if ideal role models lack in a child’s life, then they will not have someone to mirror the importance of self worth or the usefulness of empathising with others. Consequently, these subjects’ lack of human identification is reflected in the narcissistic condition, where they do not empathise, identify or care for others. Ambitions and ideals in the narcissistic individual Agreement amongst various scholars also exists on the relevance of ideals and ambitions in developme nt of narcissism. Kohut (1966) explains that hurt pride and inferiority feeling can be manifested very differently in the narcissist. Failure to reconcile an individual’s ideal with the self can cause immense shame. Usually, a person’s conception of the ideal emanates from their parents or mother (Lee and Martin, 1991). If their perception of the ideal differs tremendously from the self, then narcissistic tension will arise. Masterson (1981) also demonstrates intersubjective agreement on the same. He uses the example of authority; a person’s concept of ideal authority emanates from their parent’s manifestation of the same. If a parent was too authoritative or too weak, then chronic problems on ideal authority will arise. The individual may not even trust their own authority. Freud acknowledged that all human beings have inherent drive. He further asserted that drive could either be directed towards death or life. While a number of future psychologists rej ected the aspect of death drive, they still concurred with Freud on the relevance of ambition in life (Wolf, 1988). If applied to narcissism, individuals who fail to use the life drive effectively often experience a sense of inadequacy. Likewise, Kohut (1966) also explains the relevance of drive and ambition in the disorder. He clearly differentiates between useful ambition and dangerous drive. To Kohut, a person can possess either competitive aggressiveness or narcissistic rage. If objects come in the way of one’s goals, then competitive aggressiveness can arise. The psychological consequences of this type of anger is almost insignificant because once the goal has been attained, no psychological residues will exist (Wolf, 1988). A healthy person can easily go through one competitive situation to another without bringing up issues of the past. Conversely if self objects threaten the image of self, then narcissistic rage can arise. The narcissistic individual thinks of others as a means of sustaining the self; if they cease performing this function, and instead do the reverse, then they must be eradicated. Narcissistic rage arises when the person feels helpless about his situation after others have damaged it (Kohut, 1966). The goal of therapy Several scholars also agree on reactions of narcissists during therapy. Many adherents to the self psychology theory agree that constraints of time and resources may interfere with the effectiveness of therapy. This is especially because it may lead to irritation in the analysand. Additionally, because the narcissistic individual always focuses on indulging the self, then certain behaviour may be perceived as a threat to the client. For instance, the person may interpret prolonged silence as an attack against him. Additionally, if a therapist appears to be too rigid and neutral, then this may spark off narcissistic rage (Wolf, 1988). Usually, the severity of the situation is determined by its resemblance to past ca uses of narcissism. It is at such moments that the concerned therapist can intervene by explaining and interpreting the situation to the client. Healing may take place through restoration of the self. On the flipside, these irritations in therapy may be so disturbing that they may destroy the therapist’s credibility to the patient. In such circumstances, the patient may terminate his sessions as he cannot reconcile damage to the self and the therapeutic intervention. Usually, failure will occur if the therapeutic situation is too severe or too much of a trigger for narcissistic rage (Kohut, 1966). In other scenarios, treatment of narcissistic rage may not just occur in persons with narcissistic personality disorders. On occasion, people with borderline personality may also have the condition. In such scenarios, interpretations can be more detrimental than helpful to treatment. The client may respond to intervention as a threat to the self. In such situations, the counsellor m ust demonstrate empathy and exercise a lot of patience before tangible results can be seen (Wolf, 1988). Masterson also represents the object relations view of this perspective by adding that most narcissists find it hard to accept therapeutic help because it involves surrender. In their childhood, most of them had to become helpless and powerless in order to get their family’s attention; consequently, it is understandable when they do not want to put themselves in that vulnerable situation again (Masterson, 1981). Narcissism marginalises the act of surrender and causes many individuals to respond negatively to psychological intervention. Therefore, one of the goals of therapy should be to explain the usefulness of surrender. Counsellors ought to identify instances of love, generosity and care, which depend on surrender as a core principle. Masterson (1981) concurs with Kohut (1966) in terms of identifying and explaining instances of misunderstood emotions. Aside from surrend er, Masterson (1981) also reiterates that making a therapeutic alliance with narcissistic patients is fragile. He explains that it stems from the developmental fixation that occurred in the patient’s life. As a result, such a person may respond negatively to certain qualities of therapy. The narcissist has challenges with maintenance of boundaries and difficulties in handling frustration. Therefore, therapists must be wary of these challenges and expect periodic breakdowns. It is the effective management of these breakdowns that lead to success in management f the condition (Masterson, n.d.). Freud also demonstrated intersubjective agreement regarding the goal of treatment. He believed that one must trace the source of the patient’s triggers. Oedipal dynamics come into play here (Blanck Blanck, 1974). A therapist ought to identify the stage in the patient’s development where the libido (or the psychic energy) got fixed. Sometimes these memories may be repressed and the client may not know that the source of his narcissistic behaviour stems from a certain stage. The therapist must work with the patient in order to identify those aspects. To do this, one must determine the issues that cause the patient to become highly sensitive. For instance, the person may complain about a business partner who let him down or a spouse who did the same. A theme of betrayal may emerge from these interventions. Consequently, one should trace the instances of betrayal in the patient’s childhood that may have led to this hypersensitivity or betrayal. To Freud, and other ego psychologists, therapists must reconstruct measures conducted by the ego (the safeguard of a person’s innate desires and passions) calculatingly. Since the ego represses things or carries out its actions invisibly, then one must identify the missing elements in one’s psychology and work around it thoroughly. Freud and other scholars like Kohut also agreed on the reparen ting roles in therapy. Both psychologists argue that transference can take place between the patient and the therapist. In essence, the patient starts thinking of the counsellor as an idealised parent. The professional can then give them some of the things that they think they missed. Masterson (1981) also talks about the relevance of transference in treatment. The psychologist explains that transference ought not to be perceived as an object relationship; instead, the therapy should be merely regarded as a temporary board in which the patient can direct his conflicts. However, he adds that effective transference only takes place when the patient views the therapist in a realistic light; that is, as an imperfect person. In Jungian theory, scholars also echo the above sentiments about the goal of therapy. These adherents claim that psychologists should strive to get to the self, where the self is one of a number of Jungian archetypes. Jung believed that the self is at the core of the personality. If a person can unite all the aspects of the self, then he can become whole again. Therapists handling narcissistic patients should strive for integration. Conclusion Intersubjective agreement exists on the definition and manifestation of narcissism. Object relations, Freudian, and self psychologist theorists all agree that narcissistic subjects have an illusionary self confidence and feeling of superiority. However, these depictions disguise feelings of inadequacy. Additionally, intersubjective agreements also exist in regard to the origin of narcissism in infancy. Scholars in the self psychology school as well as the Freudian school agree that narcissistic disorders start from infancy, where a child’s love for himself is narcissistic. Intersubjective views on the development of narcissism in childhood revolve around the supportive role of the family and finding the real self. Psychologists representing divergent psychodynamic theories believe that parental pro jections in children can hamper the development of the true self and thus cause narcissist injury. Objects relations theorists emphasise fixation on the self object while Freudians dwell on oedipal fixation; self psychologists talk about the inferior sense of self. All these scholars agree on psychological injury in one’s childhood. Lastly, agreement also exists on the goal of therapy among various psychodynamic theorists. At the heart of their arguments is the need to identify the source of incompleteness in one’s self. Self psychologists suggest the use of empathy and transference; Freudians also talks about transference while object relations theorists emphasise reconciliation of the self with the self object. Additionally, all scholars also agree on the fragility of therapeutic setting with these kinds of subjects. References Almaas, A. (1996). The point of existence. Boston: Shambhala Press. Blanck, Gertrude, Blanck, Rubin. (1974). Ego psychology: Theory and prac tice. New York: Columbia University Press. Forman, M. (1976). Narcissistic disorders and the oedipal fixations. In J. Feldstein (Ed.), The Annual of Psychoanalysis (pp. 65-92). New York: International Universities. Johnson, S. (1987). Humanizing the narcissistic style. New York: Norton Kohut, H. (1966). Forms and Transformations of Narcissism. In C. Strozier (Ed.), self psychology and the humanities (pp. 97-123). New York: Norton. Lee, R. and Martin, C. (1991). Psychotherapy After Kohut: A Textbook of Self Psychology. Hillsdale, NJ: The Analytic Press. Masterson, J. (n.d.). Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy of the Narcissistic Personality Disorder (Closet): A Developmental Self and Object Relations Approach. Web. Masterson, J. (1981). The narcissistic and borderline disorders. New York: Brunner/Mazel. Millon, T. and Davis, R. (1996). Disorders of Personality: DSM-IV and Beyond. New York: Wiley. Reich, A. (1986). Pathological forms of self-esteem regulation. In A. P. Morrison (Ed.), Essen tial papers on narcissism (pp. 44-60). NY: McMillan. Wolf, E. (1988). Treating the Self: Elements of Clinical Self Psychology. New York: The Guilford Press. Wurmser, L. (1981). The Mask of Shame. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP. This essay on Narcissism was written and submitted by user Bast10n to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to Get a Job Without Connections

How to Get a Job Without Connections Networking is probably the number one way to get yourself a job if you are looking. Referrals account for nearly 40% of all hires- and referred employees often get jobs quicker and make more money out of the gate. But what if you don’t have anyone to refer you to a particular company or within a particular industry? If this is the case, then you’ll need to figure out how to get a job without connections. Luckily, we’ve got the right information to accomplish that. So, what do you do if you don’t have any inside connections? What if you’ve moved to a new city and your social circle is nonexistent at the moment? What if you’re fresh out of college and you didn’t network as well as you may have wanted? Don’t worry. Even when you don’t know anyone, getting a referral that lands you an interview is a lot easier than you think.Message mutual friends on social mediaFacebook is clearly the dominant social media outlet, and itâ₠¬â„¢s likely to stay that way for the foreseeable future. As such, it’s a surprisingly great resource for finding employment leads. Your suggested friends’ list is a potential job referral gold mine. You can also use the search function on Facebook in clever ways to aid in your new career quest. Find individuals by the city they live in, where they went to school, which friends you both have in common, as well as where they work.I suggest mixing and matching a few of these filters.Start off with finding people that work at the company you’ve been eyeing, and also went to the same university as you.Then transition to friends of friends that work where you’d like to apply.If you come up empty-handed with either of those combinations, just search for people by workplaceThe biggest hurdle with seeking job referrals, particularly if you’re an introvert, is reaching out to someone that you barely know. It seems intimidating (maybe even a bit rude) to mes sage someone you’re unfamiliar with, but it’s actually in their benefit to have you brought onto the team. Many companies have lucrative referral programs that incentivize current employees to suggest new hires.When striking up a conversation with someone you barely know or don’t know at all, remember not to jump head first into a sales pitch – be tactful. Break the ice by bringing up a commonality. Build a relationship before you solicit them for a job.Scan their Facebook page and see what pages they follow, what music or movies they’re interested in, anything that will make the inevitable questioning about their work much more acceptable.Open up with a message like this:â€Å"Hey there, I saw that we both know [mutual friend]. I also noticed you’re into the same [musician, book, movie] as I am. That’s awesome, I love them! I don’t mean to bother you, but I was curious if you’d be interested in chatting for a bit about [company]? Whenever  you’re available, of course. No rush. I was looking to apply there and I wanted to get your thoughts on a few things before I sent in my resume. I’d love to know what you thought about [album, novel, ending of movie] too! Thanks so much.†Always be mindful of how aggressive you’re coming off. Your main goal is to build a bridge with a prospective colleague. If you don’t receive a response as quickly as you’d like, be patient and never be too pushy.Reconnect with your university’s alumni networkUniversity alumni networks aren’t just for reconnecting with old college flames or long-lost roommates, they’re an ideal resource for job referrals. College is, after all, your first major networking pool and reaching out to a fellow university alum is a lot more comfortable than, say, random Facebook users. You already share a common sense of identity. Think of your alma mater as an extended group of potentia l colleagues.Many of these networks are designed with the specific purpose of helping students advance their careers. If you’re still in school, head to the career center on campus. They often maintain large databases of alumni information, so see if they’re able to get you in contact with recent graduates.Scope out the university’s website and find the alumni section. In this digital age, colleges often utilize some form of external platform that you can log into. You should have access to these areas for a lengthy period of time after graduation, but it’s simple to sign back up if you’ve been out of school for a while.Additionally, college career centers host job fairs and similar networking events that are open to the public. Consider attending one whether you live near your old school or you’re in a new city.Scour Linkedin for employeesHopefully, you’ve been diligently growing your LinkedIn network. If you haven’t, well the n, open a new browser tab and either build your profile or start expanding your network immediately. LinkedIn is hands down your best chance at securing a job referral from someone that actually works in the career field your applying to. It’s perfect for when you absolutely, positively don’t know a single person that can refer you for a job.Follow these steps:Search LinkedIn for the job you want.If you already have a profile, browse your first and second-degree connections.Research what you can about the company and find someone currently employed there (either inside or outside your LinkedIn network).Politely introduce yourself and try to set up a meeting over coffee or lunchAsk specific questions related to their business.Once you’ve found a contact in your industry, try and set up an â€Å"informational interview†. This is where you field questions about the nature of the company and their particular position. Not only will you gain valuable insight i nto the business, if you impress the contact well enough, you have an opportunity to be referred for the position you want.You can be far more direct with your LinkedIn pitch as opposed to the Facebook example from earlier.â€Å"Hello [LinkedIn Contact],I’ve been following the work of [company] for some time now and I’m considering submitting my resume for [position]. If you have a moment, I was interested in asking a few questions regarding the application process. It would be great to get an insider’s perspective on [company product] as well. Were there any issues that arose with that project? Has it been successful? I appreciate your time. I look forward to finding out all that I can about [company].†An added benefit of cold-emailing employees like this is that its good practice for when you finally reach the interview stage. Even if you aren’t able to set up a meeting, that person is likely to tell you how to get in touch with someone that can assist you. Ultimately, that’s what you’re trying to accomplish.Join a meetup websiteWhat’s better than a networking event? I know, you’re probably thinking anything is better than a networking event. However, there are a handful of websites out there that make networking much more tolerable.These sites are perfect for chatting with professionals with inside information about your industry and meeting people that can refer you to recruiters:Meetup – Perhaps the largest networking website out there. Meetup has a dedicated job search page to help you find business socials in your areaEventbrite – Used by organizers to promote, plan, and even sell tickets (if necessary) to area eventsEventful – An online calendar and local event tracking website that includes a networking categoryReddit –   The /r/meetups page on Reddit primarily organizes social networking events, but you never know who you might run into.There are a few things to keep in mind when joining a networking website. Be wary of only mingling with other unemployed people. You’re there to find work and neither of you are in a position to help one another at the moment.Events with low attendance can also be an issue, particularly if you’re in town with a small population. Try not to waste your time if it doesn’t seem worthwhile.Avoid sites like Craigslist when looking for gainful employment. While it may help with an entry-level job search, you run the risk of being scammed. I once attended what I originally thought was a networking event which turned out to be a bizarre attempt to pitch multi-level marketing (read: pyramid scheme) to the few confused individuals that showed up.Getting a job referral doesn’t have to be about who you know. It just takes a little initiative.About the Author:  Lauren McAdams is a career adviser and hiring manager at ResumeCompanion. She’s been quoted by sites like Forbes, Huffingt on Post, and TechRepublic. When she’s not busy helping job seekers, she’s sipping on coffee or a glass of wine – depending on the time of day of course.

Great Britain Geography, History, and Economy Facts

Great Britain Geography, History, and Economy Facts Great Britain is an island located within the British Isles and it is the ninth largest island in the world and the largest in Europe. It is located to the northwest of continental Europe and it is home to the United Kingdom which includes Scotland, England, Wales and Northern Ireland (not actually on the island of Great Britain). Great Britain has a total area of 88,745 square miles (229,848 sq km) and a population of about 65 million people (2016 estimate). The island of Great Britain is known for the global city of London, England as well as smaller cities like Edinburgh, Scotland. In addition, Great Britain is known for its history, historic architecture and natural environment. Over 500,000 Years of History The island of Great Britain has been inhabited by early humans for at least 500,000 years. It is believed that these humans crossed a land bridge from continental Europe at that time. Modern humans have been in Great Britain for about 30,000 years and until the about 12,000 years ago archeological evidence shows that they moved back and forth between the island and continental Europe via a land bridge. This land bridge closed and Great Britain became an island at the end of the last glaciation. A History of Invasions Throughout its modern human history, Great Britain was invaded several times. For example in 55 B.C.E., the Romans invaded the region and it became a part of the Roman Empire. The island was also controlled by various tribes and was invaded several times. In 1066 the island was a part of the Norman Conquest and this began the cultural and political development of the area. Throughout the decades following the Norman Conquest, Great Britain was ruled by several different kings and queens and it was also a part of several different treaties between the countries on the island. About the Name Britain The use of the name Britain dates back to the time of Aristotle, however, the term Great Britain was not officially used until 1474 when a marriage proposal between Edward IV of Englands daughter, Cecily, and James IV of Scotland was written. Today the term is used to specifically refer to the largest island within the United Kingdom or to the unit of England, Scotland, and Wales. What Great Britain Encapsulates Today Today in terms of its politics the name Great Britain refers to England, Scotland and Wales because they are on the United Kingdoms largest island. In addition, Great Britain also includes the outlying areas of Isle of Wight, Anglesey, the Isles of Scilly, the Hebrides and the remote island groups of Orkney and Shetland. These outlying areas are considered a part of Great Britain because they are parts of England, Scotland or Wales. Where Is Great Britain on a Map? Great Britain is located to the northwest of continental Europe and east of Ireland. The North Sea and the English Channel separate it from Europe, however, the Channel Tunnel, the longest undersea rail tunnel in the world, connects it with continental Europe. The topography of Great Britain consists mainly of low gently rolling hills in the eastern and southern portions of the island and hills and low mountains in the western and northern regions. The Regions Climate The climate of Great Britain is temperate and it is moderated by the Gulf Stream. The region is known for being cool and cloudy during the winter and the western parts of the island are windy and rainy because they are more influenced by the ocean. The eastern parts are drier and less windy. London, the largest city on the island, has an average January low temperature of 36 F (2.4 C) and a July average temperature of 73 F (23 C). Fauna and Animal Species Despite its large size, the island of Great Britain has a small amount of fauna. This is because it has been rapidly industrialized in recent decades and this has caused habitat destruction across the island. As a result, there are very few large mammal species in Great Britain and rodents like squirrels, mice and beaver make up 40% of the mammal species there. In terms of Great Britains flora, there is a large variety of trees and 1,500 species of wildflower. Population and Ethnic Groups Great Britain has a population of about 60 million people (2009 estimate) and a population density of 717 persons per square mile (277 persons per square kilometer). The main ethnic group of Great Britain is British - particularly those who are Cornish, English, Scottish or Welsh. The Main Cities There are several large cities on the island of Great Britain but the largest is London, the capital of England and the United Kingdom. Other large cities include Birmingham, Bristol, Glasgow, Edinburgh, Leeds, Liverpool and Manchester. About the Economy Great Britains United Kingdom has the third largest economy in Europe. The majority of the UKs and Great Britains economy is within the service and industrial sectors but there is also ​a  small amount of agriculture. The main industries are machine tools, electric power equipment, automation equipment, railroad equipment, shipbuilding, aircraft, motor vehicles, electronics and communications equipment, metals, chemicals, coal, petroleum, paper products, food processing, textiles, and clothing. Agricultural products include are cereals, oilseed, potatoes, vegetables cattle, sheep, poultry, and fish.

Cellular pathology(critical review of topical paper) Essay

Cellular pathology(critical review of topical paper) - Essay Example Based on the cellularity and atypia, 3 categories of histopathology were formed and compared. There were differences in tumor categorization between histopathological studies and cytological studies and these differences in numbers made the researchers conclude that cytological identification of metaplastic carcinoma of breast is not a reliable method. The hypothesis is unclear and the paper lacks key words, coherent language, a crisp abstract , a good flow, subheadings and link to others’ work. There is no mention of confounding factors and how they were taken care of. The introduction could have been more educative. There is no mention of limitations of the study. The results of the study were presented in the form of chart. The cellularity of the FNAC numbers was described as low, moderate and severe. The cut off point of the number of cells which can be categorized into each one of these has not been described. Also, many specimens (as many as 10) have been categorized as having mixed components. These have been allocated a tumor- group only based on the type of cells seen and in many, the numbers of cells are actually even low to categorize to a cancer-type. In as many as 6 cases, the types of cells are actually suspicious. Keeping these limitations in mind, there arise many doubts whether the basis on which classification done is reliable. However, this study is a good attempt to explore a simple means of detecting this rare cancer and provides the patient with alternate option to surgery. Lui, P.C.W., Tse, G.M.K., Tan, P.H., et al. (2006). Fine-needle aspiration cytology of metaplastic carcinoma of the breast. J Clin Pathol., Retrieved on 27th Feb, 2009 from

How to Manage Emotions in Airport Customer Services Essay

How to Manage Emotions in Airport Customer Services - Essay Example The most global definition of emotion draws from systems theory, identifying emotion as a multiattribute process that unfolds over time, with the attributes unfolding at different rates (Paynee & Cooper 2007). Emotions attributes are manifest in multiple channels (experiential, physiological, expressive, cognitive, and behavioral), and the channels themselves are loosely coupled such that measures of different emotion attributes (such as self-report and physiological) may not correlate highly. Following McDonagh et al (2003): 'The cognitive, functionalist position on emotion posits that emotions serve an adaptive function. In this view, emotions are considered the mechanisms that signal when events go wrong" (p. 9). In airports, emotions influence the occurrence and course of altruism, creativity, learning and memory, social perception and interaction, social comparison, resource allocation, self-evaluation, moral reasoning, attraction and liking, attributions and expectations, judgm ent and decision making, self-regulation and coping, irrational beliefs, and rumination. In addition, emotion is directly relevant to understanding specific topics central to I/O psychology, such as job satisfaction, worker motivation, and understanding how job characteristics (such as personal control) contribute to important outcomes, such as productivity (Paynee & Cooper 2007). The interviews with Samuel Keiley, a customer service manager and Adam Marks, a . a receptionist, allow to identify the main problems and techniques used by airport HR department to manage emotions and stress. in the interview, Adam Marks admits that anger and aggression are the main feelings experienced by customer service during a day. Because the organizational environment is largely shared, situational effects cannot entirely explain aggression. Individual differences have an impact, a statement that is not only consistent with several theories of aggression but is also supported by considerable research. Many employees feel trait anger which means "the disposition to perceive a wide range of situations as annoying or frustrating, and the tendency to respond to such situations with more frequent elevations in state anger" (Reeve 2004, p. 76). When people high in trait anger encounter an ambiguous situation, their default interpretation is one of threat or attack. Also, the anger they feel tends to be more intense and may not easily dissipate. Also, the interviewees admit that impulsiveness is also a problem for many customer service employees. Low control is to act quickly without thought or concern for the future, reacting on emotions with little reflection. Mot of these reactions and situations are caused by clients who demand additional services or feel frustration or anger. In general, customer service employees constantly regulate their emotions and emotional expressions while interacting with customers. Hochschild (1983) mentions this form of work as having positive outcomes for the organization, but requiring effort from the employee that is often overlooked. Front-line service workers expend more effort when they have feelings that are incongruent with the friendly displays required of them. Thus,

The novel Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck Essay Example for Free

The novel Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck Essay The novel Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck is Set during the Great Depression in the 1930s in a place called Soledad. When the wall street crash as with the introduction of new machinery led to poverty and unemployment, leaving thousands of workers stranded without work, migrating from place to place searching for some money and a place to sleep. The story Of mice and men starts with a description of the place Lennie and George ended up in after running away from Wead and showed the bad conditions that migrant workers are in. In the novel Lennie and George are the main characters. Lennie is described as a slow and dumb character, while in contrast George is a smart leader and could do much more if he wasnt carrying Lennie along with him all the time. Lennie and George are best friends who travel all over the place together, searching for food, shelter, and some money. In other words they migrant workers. Lennie and George are both similar to the other workers as they are migrant workers but are also unique because migrant workers usually travel alone, but not them they travel together. Lennie and George both have a dream that one day they will own a piece of land. In the novel there are a few themes that teach important life lessons, a few are. friendship. Friendship is very important in this novel because Lennie and George are rare travelling best friends and throughout the novel their friendship is tested is tested to the limit. Another one is hopes and dreams, Lennie and George always survive by speaking about their dreams of one day owning a piece of land as Lennie always says when he is down, tell us George, tell us about the farm. Paragraph 2 The Wall street crash, the Great Depression and new machinery all led to poverty and unemployment and increased the number of migrant workers by thousands. These migrant workers had a very bad lifestyle, they wouldnt stay in one place or settle down and are always moving about. Evidence of this is Guys like us are the loneliest guys in the world, they got no family, they dont belong no place, they work up a stake and the next thing you know theyre poundin their tail on some other ranch. This was said by George explaining to Lennie that all migrant workers are lonely and never settle down in one place. The migrant workers , just as they have the bad lifestyle of not settling down; they dont have long term friendship or family, support to that is If them guys gets in trouble. They can rot for all anybody gives a damn but not us This explains that migrant workers have no real friends or people that care for them, another one is they got no family this one also tells us that migrant workers have no relations with their families. Migrant workers have very few possessions and the possessions they do have they carry in a bag called a bindle : their shelves where loaded with little articles, soap and balcum powder, razors and those western magazine, ranch men love to read and there where medicines on the shelves and little vials, combs and a few neck ties, this shows that what migrant workers own are few and are only the things they need most as they are travelling and they only cary around their necessities. Migrant workers rarely have any real relationships with women because they are always travelling around, and the only way they can have a family feel and be with women is if they pay for it through brothel : Old Susys place, where workers can just set in the chairs and have a couple of those shots and pass the time of day This explains that the workers have to pay for relationships with women. Over all the traits of the migrant workers are interconnected. For example, they dont have long term friendships because they travel all time, they also dons have relationships with women because of their loneliness and inability to settle down, they have very few possessions because they cant carry many possessions around with them. They also get low pay which limits the number of possessions that they can buy. Paragraph 3. As a result of the circumstances and the living conditions of the migrant workers, they end up lonely, isolated, violent, selfish and have no job satisfaction. Unlike Lennie and George who have each other and who travel together, most migrant workers are lonely and feel very isolated, I seen the guys that go around on the ranches alone, that aint no good, they dont have no fun, after a long time they get mean, they get so that they dont want to talk to nobody. This shows and explains that the migrant workers were lonely and isolated and also that because of that they resort to violence. Violence and a harsh lifestyle are very common characteristics traits found in migrant workers. An example is Candys experience, Theyll can me purty soon, jus as soon as I cant wamp put no bunk houses theyll put me on the county this is said by Candy and it shows the harsh lifestyles of migrant workers and shows that when they are not performing or cant do their job any more. They will get sacked, another quote that shows violence is well if you were to take him and shoot him in the back of the head right there, well hell never know what hit him this shows the violence that is going around inside these ranches. Other examples of violence are when curly attacked Lennie: Then Curlys rage exploded come on ya big bastard, get up on your feet. No big son- of- a- bitch is gonna laugh at me, Ill show ya whos yella. This shows the violence that Curly attacked Lennie with and then started hitting him for nothing. Quite often migrant workers are suspicious of one another, when Lennie and George joined the ranch and were shown to their beds: Says positively kills lice, roaches and other scourge, what the hell kinda bed are you givin us anyways, we dont want no pants rabbits This shows that George and Lennie were suspicious of the hygiene and beds that they were given, another one is I dont like Curly, he aint a nice fella. this was said by Curlys wife and it explains that she was suspicious and hateful towards her own husband. Of all the work the migrant workers do they never get any job satisfaction as they are usually at another ranch before their work has grown so they will never get to see the work that they have done, they also work very hard but get unfair low pay, I aint so bright or I wouldnt be buckin barely For my fifty and found. If I had my own little place Id be bringing in my own crops stead of doin all the work and not getting what comes outa the ground. That shows that migrant workers have no job satisfaction and are angry because theyre all the hard work and not being rewarded for it. No wonder they turn to violence. Paragraph 4. For many Americans at that time the American dream was something to work for and to keep them going, the American dream is the dream of being famous or financially successful or as we saw with the story of Lennie and George it is just wanting to own a piece of land and independence . We first saw the American dream with George and Lennie as they dreamed of one day owning a piece of land. Someday were gonna get the jack together and were gonna have a little house an a couple of acres and a cow and some pigs an live offa the fata da land explains the dream of George and Lennie and shows the hope that they both have, and dhows us what they both wake up for every morning. Candy is an old character that has been in the ranch for many years, and through those years his dreams got lost, but when he found out of George and Lennies dream his got revived, he leaned forward eagerly, spose I went in with you guys thas three hundred an fifty bucks, Id put in the chicken an hose the garden some, howd that be Shows the eagerness and excitement that he was in when he found an opportunity to bring his dream back to life, he also offered all the money he has without thinking twice about it and that shows his determination. Candy is an old man who would like nothing more than some company and a long rest. Curlys wife is also a character with a dream, but her dream is quite different than some of the workers around the ranch. Her dream is to be an actress in the movies, but like most, her dream does not come true. Coulda been in the movies, and had nice clothes like they wear, an I coulda sat in them big hotels and had pitchers took of me this guy said I was a natural. Curlys wife shows how much she wanted her dream and also shows the details of her dream, but also shows the disappointment A her dream is now gone because she is married to Curly. Crooks character is another example of the racism against blacks at that time. Crooks is a lonely character with no friends or family and very small contact with other people on the ranch, but even in the dullest of places, in the saddest of people you can find dreams and hopes. Crooks dream is really just to be independent and to be around a few friends and we found that out when he said If you guys would like a hand to work for nothing, just his keep, why Id come an lend a hand, I aint so crippled I can work like any son of a bitch if I want to , this shows that Crooks is not really interested in money or land but is just looking for some company and independence. Paragraph 5. Language is a very important part of Of Mice and Men, It gives us a true sense and an insight of the atmosphere in the novel. Throughout this section i will be speaking about the aspects of language in Of mice and Men like dialect, accent and colloquial language. Dialect is defined as words that are common to a particular region. Steinbecks characters speak in a Californian dialect, at that time in California and all around America the dialect was very unique and different, they would use many words such as bindle, which is a bag that the migrant workers carried with all their belongings in it. Lennie put his bindle, on the neighbouring bunk and sat down, shows the word is being used in every day situations. Another word is Swamper, which means cleaners, The old swamper shifted his broom and held it between his elbow, in Of Mice and Men Candy is the swamper, another commonly used word is Greybacks- Which means bed bugs, Then how come he got grey bugs, George was working up a slow anger. at the time lice and bedbugs were very common as the level of hygiene was very low. In those times a rural area was usually referred to as the brush , I want you to come right here an hide in the brush. George had instructed Lennie to hide in the brush if he got in any trouble. The author did not fail to show the accent that the people spoke with in those times, when the people in California spoke they would usually not finish their words and senesces, all the characters spoke in the accent and one of them is Curlys wife, I aint told this to nobody before may be I oughtnt to coulda been in the movies, an gad nice clothes all of them nice clothes like they wear, an I coulda sat in them big hotels an had pitchers took of me. This is full of words and sentences that indicate the presence of a Californian accent such as pitchers, like they wear, and also the way her sentences re structured and her words are incomplete. Colloquial language is another important aspect of language as it shows the way people spoke. Throughout the novella, colloquial language is widely used, all characters use the language. I bet she even gives the stable buck the eye, This was said to show that Curlys wife even looks to attract the stable buck. They would also say things like he aint no cuckoo which means that he isnt stupid. And sure its swell which just means its great. Their choice of words are also different as they say things like pitchers and I aint. Steinbeck also uses imagery in his writing which includes animal imagery. He uses animal imagery mainly to describe characters, Lennie is often described as a large and slow character and his character is captured well when he is described as an animal. Lennie dribbled his paw in the water this compared Lennie to a bear as he drank, another is, behind him walks the opposite, a huge man, shapeless of face, with large pale eyes, he walked heavily, dragging his feet a little, the way a bear drags his paws., This also compares him to a bear explaining his bad posture and features. More support is His huge companion drank in huge gulps in the water, again here. Steinbeck does this to give us a greater idea of the way it feels to be around Lennie. When Steinbeck makes his comparisons he often uses similes to better help describe his character, as he did with the character of Lennie. Colour is also an important factor as it helps to describe many characters. The colour red for example helps describe Curlys wife as she is a character related with death and she is also a character that tries to attract with sex appeal. A girl was standing there, she had full rouged lips and wide spaced eyes, heavily made up, her fingernails were red. Her hair hung in little rolled clusters, like sausages. She wore a cotton house dress and red mules of which were little bouquets of red feathers, this shows the association colour red has with sex. The colour red is also associated with danger as Lennie tries to avoid her after George warns him, listen to me you crazy bastard, he said fiercely, dont you even take a look at that bitch, I dont care what she says and what she do here Curlys wife is associated with danger as George is scared she will get Lennie in trouble. The colour reds association with death also involves Curlys wife as she was killed by Lennie He looked down at her carefully, he moved his hand from over her mouth and she lay still, Curlys wife had died. Conclusion: The Migrant workers had a difficult life and the didnt make it easier for each other either, in a life full of violence, loneliness and un cleanliness the migrant workers have to struggle in their lives and if you were black at that time then life is even worse for you as racism at that time was very strong, you could say that the only thing that everyone at that time woke up for in the morning are the dreams that they all had, even though most of the dreams never came true and most of the people knew that they still all needed something to wake up to, which teaches us a valuable life lesson which is to always have a dream. I think the theme of the story is that you always need someone to rely one as weve learned from the novella that if you have no one you could go crazy. In conclusion I think this novella shows us how a difficult lifestyle can push friendships to the limit