Martin Gansberg Thirty-Eight Who Saw Murder and Didn’t Call the Police Essay

The article by Martin Gansberg, Thirty-eight who saw murder and didn’t call the police, is about an isolated event. I don’t think something like this happens a lot. Normally people would call the police or do something to help the victim. But unfortunately sometimes people can be very cold or even cruel, like in this case. Some people just don’t care about what is going on around them, if someone is in need of help or some cooperation. It’s more typical for those who live in big cities because in a busy urban life, in the crowd current they don’t have a time to stop and analyze what would be the right thing to do and they just don’t want to get involved and put themselves in troubles. In small towns people are more responsive, and the situation like this would less likely to happen. Another thing that is influent is crime and violence scenes that people constantly see on television, internet, movies. People getting used to seeing that on tv all the time in real life perceive it like another show and just watch without any action and some of them even get excited about how it’s all going to end. Luckily I have never been in situation when I had to report a crime in progress, but I know if something happens I am not going to stand there and watch. And hopefully I will never get in situation when I’m the one who needs help and no one helps. The opening line of the Martin Gansberg’s article â€Å"Thirty-eight who saw murder and didn’t call the police† states: â€Å" For more than half an hour 38 respectable, law-abiding citizens in Queens watched a killer stalk and stab a woman in three separate attacks in Kew Gardens. † But it doesn’t mean that they were staying around like in arena watching the killer slaughtering a victim from the very beginning to the end. The author uses little exaggeration to dramatize what happened. It may not be the fact but it expresses author’s position. It shows how angry and disappointed he is, it shows his condemnation. Although writers, especially reporters, have an ethical responsibility to be accurate, little exaggeration and distortion can take a place, what can help author to express their position and their point of view. What matters is what exactly and how much has been distorted. For example, article says that the killer made three attempts to kill the woman. If indeed the victim died from the first attempt and the killer run away after that, but author changed the story to make it more dramatic, that would be very serious distortion of the story.

Expressions of the self through the body Essay

Within the framework of the 21st Century, western society is increasingly exposed to images and ideologies of the embodiment of ‘success’ and ‘happiness’. The media is rife with these conceptualisations and affects us all on varying levels of influence and intensity. The very basis of the study of the social sciences (that various spheres of the expression of societal values are interconnected and incomplete apart) is the foundation for the claim that ideologies associated with the modern capitalist value system strongly and wholly affect the understanding and expression of our identity through the management and aesthetics of our bodies. To understand the origin of this claim, and to further explain the phenomenon it identifies, several steps need to be taken. Firstly, the values of the modern capitalist framework have to be identified and adequately compared to the contemporary understanding of the body and of sexuality. Secondly, expressions of the body and sexuality will be explored, to adequately assess the influence these values have through visual media. Finally response to these values and images will be considered, in order to critically analyse the true degree of agency that has been successfully exercised within this complex association of cause and effect. As established throughout the second section of this course, the complex and influential structure of capitalism lies in the celebration of the individual, and not of the society. (Loy 1997). Characteristics inherent in capitalism are the importance of the individual; the necessity for competition among these individuals to justify the importance of the individual; and the desire to embody wealth, success and happiness through financial means. Also pivotal to the success of capitalism is the illusion of freedom of choice and agency within society for the individual to construct a unique identity (Loy 1997, Cox 1999). What is perhaps most important in terms of the relationship between capitalism and the expression of identity and sexuality through the body is the concept of commodity aesthetics, the beautification of any object to increase it’s desirability to the consumer. (Sarup, 1997) The relationship between these values and the understanding and expression of our bodies can be explained in terms of the research done by Rohlinger (2002), whereby a complex study into the representations of men in advertisements was conducted to assess the ‘objectification’ of men that he identified as prominent. While the implications of this study are more in-depth than the conclusions discussed here, the results belie, in part, the beautification of men in the media to create desire for not only the image, but also the product associated with the image. The biggest category of depiction of men he identified was the so-called ‘erotic male’, whereby a male, of often indeterminable sexual preference, was portrayed sexually, thereby appealing to both straight and gay men, thus following the dual advertising method (Rohlinger, 2002). It would thus appear as if men have been ‘beautified’ in order to increase desire for the product associated with the model. While it may seem to be a leap in logic to equate the ‘erotic’ male with the ‘beautified’ male, the reasoning behind this premise lies in the conceptualisation of beauty in modern society. While it can be argued that advertising affects these values, and that the values in turn affects the advertising, I would suggest that the attractiveness of a male or female lies wholly in terms of sexual appeal, and thus by an erotic portrayal, the beautification process – however atypical – occurs. If the example of Rohlinger’s research is further employed and employed as it was intended, it becomes clear that through advertising techniques, the capitalist framework has blatantly influenced media portrayals of the body and sexuality, and thus has direct influence on our own expression of sexuality and identity through our bodies. Within the work of Susan Benson (1997), the degree of identity expression through the body is discussed. The capitalist influence has (seemingly) autonomously decided what bodily images determine varying aspects of an identity. (Benson, 1997) In order to appear healthy and in control, a well-toned and slim body is essential. Bodies that do not conform to these characteristics thus display an out of control and unhealthy person, negatively reflecting on his or her identity. In terms of the influence of structure and agency and the way in which symbols are given value to construct an identity (Jenkins, 1996), the outward display of an identity and any agency in play, is manifested in the aesthetics of the body through the use of symbols that appeal to the senses of those who would validate the identity. These symbols can be clothing, fragrances, language and body language. It is for this reason that the media – ironically, a manifested construct of the very society it attempts to influence and control within a capitalist framework – seeks to associate a type of identity with various commodities to be marketed, increasing not only the desirability of the product, but of the identity as well. If the claim that gender and sexuality have long been two of the few certainties in one’s identity (Segal 1997), then evidence to suggest increasing blurring of the line of distinction between what expresses the embodiment of being a man or a woman, would indicate a critical turning point in social history, emphasising a shift towards the androgynous and sexual ambiguity. Rohlinger’s research further identified the depiction of men in advertisements as having an ‘unknown’ sexual orientation (2002) thus fulfilling appeal to both a heterosexual and homosexual male community, yet in very different ways. This type of depiction allows for the viewer of the advertisement to identify with a particular interpretation of the male model – further developing the idea that the agency it appears we are exercising is indeed limited within the structures we find ourselves in. This eroticising effect on the male image – and similarly on the female image – in the media is thus adopted by those who find the identity and image desirable (which returns us to the circle of desirability between the product and the identity associated with the product) and is then outwardly displayed through the appearance of the body. This adoption of a particular identity extends to the sexuality that may or may not be displayed within the advertisement as well, causing the blurring of distinction between male and female sexuality. The portrayals of men and women have become increasingly similar in society (Benson 1997) and thus too have the expressions of masculinity and femininity, weakening previous concepts of gender roles (Hearn 1999). The by-products of these influential depictions of men’s and women’s identities in contemporary society range from liberal movements gaining acceptability within a sexual context, to the increase in eating disorders, body building, and the supplement industry in an attempt to achieve a ‘healthy’ body, thereby conforming to the acceptable and desirable identity of contemporary society. The increase in support for the gay and lesbian right’s movements, as well as the continued evolution of the feminist movement, are all examples of responses to the effects of capitalism on society through the media. As in the previous section, the manifestations of various identities increasingly depict an androgynous sexuality, appealing to hetero- and homosexual members of society. (In part due to the increasing wealth of the homosexual consumer) With this subconscious validation of homosexuality in the media, it appears it has become increasingly socially acceptable to either be homosexual, or support the movement and to adopt its value system. (Rohlinger 2002; Hearn 1999; Benson 1997) This type of liberal movement, while an apparent display of agency in the determination of an identity, appears to be yet another type of conformity to the current desirable identity. Thus the response – albeit in later years – is not one based in agency, but in passive acceptance of a contemporary trend. Similar criticism can be levelled at the development of the feminist movement in current culture. While the view of Rohlinger (2002) may be considered somewhat sensationalist and one-sided, her idea that even feminism and women’s liberation has been commodified and a purchasable identity to the movement ascribed, is one that contains some validity. So far reaching is the grasp of capitalism, that it is able to commodify that which inadvertently opposes the values of capitalism, by advocating freedom of expression and a resistance to the values of the patriarchal society in existence today (Bhasin, 1993). An example of this trend would be a television advertiseme nt for a popular drink with the tag ‘Girls Night. No Boys Allowed’. This blatant commodification of the independent and liberal woman as an identity, critically wounds the credibility of the movement it seeks to ascribe itself to. The increased phenomenon of female and male eating disorders prevalent among teenagers (certainly the most influential target group in modern society) further illustrates the growing trend in conformity to the desirable body image in at attempt to embody a certain identity. At the other end of the scale (so far removed, it has perhaps come full circle) is the bodybuilding trend: whereby men and women seek to become the pinnacle of strength, power and fitness. This trend identifies not only the blur in distinction between masculinity and femininity (â€Å"active/passive† – Segal, 1997) as women attempt to embody a previously masculine identity, but also seeks to display, perhaps, a resistance (Castells, 1997) to the threat of androgyny and supposed equality of men and women in society, as men attempt to over-emphasise their physical – ergo societal – strength and dominance. In perhaps the most obvious sign of a symbiotic relationship within these two forces, the dietary and health supplement industry is booming, as it convinces millions each year that the healthy body – therefore identity – is contained within a capsule or a milkshake. In this brief and general exploration into the relationship between the capitalist society and the expression of identity through the body image, it appears clear that the values of capitalism have directly affected the expression of identity and sexuality in modern society. So influential is the media that social actors feel compelled to conform and duplicate these images in order to maintain a sense of acceptance within society. It is also evident that very little real resistance has developed to this trend, and that even those who do not physically manifest their response to this trend, appear to have adopted the ideology in more subtle ways – tellingly, purchasing products associated with the identity they subconsciously want to adopt. Thus the construction of our identity and sexuality is clearly outwardly displayed through the expression of our body, and the media of capitalism is singularly successful by directing it’s influence on our continuing desire to expres s our identity through outward appearances and symbols.

Case Study

Case Analysis # 4Elaine Decides to Try Her Hand at Investing Elaine Tolbert is a 28-year-old management trainee at a large chemical company. She is single and has no plans for marriage. Her annual salary is $34,000 (placing her in the 15 percent tax bracket), and her monthly expenditures come to approximately $1,500. During the past year or so, Elaine has managed to save around $8,000, and she expects to continue saving at least that amount each year for the foreseeable future. Her company pays the premium on her $35,000 life insurance policy. Because Elaine’s entire education was financed by scholarships, she was able to save money from the summer and part-time jobs she held as a student. Altogether, she has a nest egg of nearly $18,000, out of which she’d like to invest about $15,000. She’ll keep the remaining $3,000 in a bank CD that pays 3 percent interest and will use this money only in an emergency. Elaine can afford to take more risks than someone with family obligations can, but she doesn’t wish to be a speculator; she simply wants to earn an attractive rate of return on her investments. Critical Thinking Questions 1. What investment options are open to Elaine? 2. What chance does she have of earning a satisfactory return if she invests her $15,000 in (a) blue-chip stocks, (b) growth stocks, (c) speculative stocks, (d) corporate bonds, or (e) municipal bonds? 3. Discuss the factors you would consider when analyzing these alternate investment vehicles. 4. What recommendation would you make to Elaine regarding her available investment alternatives? Explain.

Federal Express Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Federal Express - Case Study Example This essay examines potential problems that led to the delay of the cargos belonging to desktop innovation by federal express transporters using the SWOT analysis (McDougall & Dorken, 145). A Background Description and Problem Statement in the Case Study Federal express is a business identified with transportation of commodities. The company has branches in major cities where it operates its activities. It has reputable customer service relations, and this is evident in its delivery of commodities. They issued clients with a delivery guarantee in the case of failure to delivery the prearranged cargos. Desktop Publishing Company deals with the organization and provisions of services and products individuals use in conducting trade shows and exhibitions. Desktop Publishing Company experienced problems with Federal express transporters in shipping two of its packages to a customer who was conducting a trade show in Simpson, South Carolina. The shipment to the customer leading to bad com pany reputation for desktop innovation was delayed. Situation psychoanalysis Using SWOT Applications of the Case Study SWOT analysis refers to the ‘strength’, ‘weaknesses’, ‘opportunities’ and ‘strength’ present within a company. ... It tarnished the company’s name because Federal express, which acted as, a company’s client was disappointed in the reaction they received from the staff of the company. Secondly, the opportunities of federal express serve as strength in the daily activity it conducts. It notifies clients when the delivery schedule is changed or delayed. This prevents future disagreement that may with the clients. Lastly, the promotional strategy that federal express uses is a weakness because it discourages rather instead of motivating clients. Desktop innovation was greatly disappointed in the basket of chocolates sent to them from the company to act as compensation (McDougall & Dorken, 147). Evaluation of the Case Study The findings of the case study revealed the diverse challenges faced by organizations in the running of daily activities. The delay in the shipment of products noticed in Federal express agency reveals a decline or change of activities within the company. The change c ould have originated from various causes like mechanical fault in the means that were used in shipping voyages. Secondly, improper time schedule could have resulted to the delay, since they were not being shipped within the agreed period. The compensation mechanism used by federal express requires to be reviewed. Clients in any environment always value quality for their product, and expect to be properly compensated when the quality they negotiated is not to their standards. Alternatives Useful In the Case Study Federal express can initiate different approaches in its operations to satisfy clients. The quantity of cargoes the company ships should be reduced to avoid the setbacks caused by overcrowding witnessed in the company. Secondly, the company should apply new expertise in the firm

The Loyalty Card as Promotion Tool Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words - 1

The Loyalty Card as Promotion Tool - Essay Example Humby and Hunt (2004) are of the opinion that loyalty is more of an emotional concept thus resisting the definition in terms of behavior. This, therefore, champions that loyalty is an emotional concept resulting from the trust. Others also define loyalty as emotional concept built on empathy (East 1997). Building on the idea and recognition that opinions and feelings are active, variables that include but not restricted to social, physical environments, as well as individual abilities, have been known to pre-empt action. On the contrary, this view can be seen as being loyal functionally in that customer tends to be loyal to a company only because of convenience (Barnes 2002). According to (Grisaffe 2001), loyalty does not rotate around behavior, for instance, other is the buyer who has developed the cognitive rule in that they only buy low priced products, because of this such customers will look loyal to that brand over a period of time. This will only be interrupted by the entrance of another brand which is priced lower than the previous. The customer will again change to become loyal to the new product in the market. From this, it is evident that customers are more loyal to their decision rules as opposed to the brands and thereby a proof that loyalty is more than behavior. Of several definitions, the characterization seemed most suitable when discussing the Tesco Clubcard. Suggestions that daily life of loyalty entails â€Å"emotional commitment† and â€Å"monogamy† where one choice overrides the rest has been brought forward (Humby and Hunt 2004, pg 9). To bring out the comparison, retail loyalty concentrates on achieving a bit of goodwill, a slight margin of liking, a rise in the shift in terms of buying tendency. Customer satisfaction can be described in simple terms as the measure of a customer’s expectation is met in totality or not.  

Shaping Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Shaping Behavior - Essay Example Skinner whose work with behavior modification earned him the moniker of Father of Behaviorism develop the theory of operant conditioning. The theory postulates that all behavior is essentially governed by the constant application of punishing and reinforcing stimuli. Behavior modification is designed to use a scheduled approach that consistently punishes undesirable behavior while rewarding desired behavior (Snowman, McCown & Biehler, 2012). . This concept as developed by Skinner is seen to be widely used in not only therapy, but also in a number of psychological settings. It can effectively be used in the treatment of a number of disorders including oppositional defiant disorder, autism and attention deficit disorder. In addition to this, the fundamentals of behavior modification can essentially be used to try and increase desired behavior in a given individual regardless of the person’s functional level. Reinforcement and punishment as based on the operant conditioning theory have been demonstrated to be effective in shaping behavior. In classical conditioning, organisms are trained to learn to associate a given new stimuli with biological and natural responses such as fear or salivation. The organism does not essentially learn something new, but instead is seen to being performing in what is an existing behavior in the presence of a given new signal. Operant conditioning takes a different approach as learning is based on the consequences of behavior and can at times involve the learning of new actions (Miltenberger, 2011). Punishment can be used to stop negative behavior among children. In operant conditioning, positive is seen to refer to the addition of a consequence that will serve to deter a child from repeating what is deemed to be negative behavior. Although positive punishment is essential in healthy discipline it

Inventory management and materials requirement planning Assignment

Inventory management and materials requirement planning - Assignment Example Introduction Inventory management can be defined as the practice of managing the inventory of an organisation so as to ensure that it does not go out of stock and that the needs of the organisation are continually met (Pillsbury, 2005). Inventory management is carried out in order to protect the organisation against stock-outs when there is variability in terms of demand. Inventory management and materials planning in a military setting is very much different from the business setting due to the nature and sensitivity of the inventory itself. The fact that there is always need to provide the right materials to the military personnel at the right time especially during war has resulted in a situation where the inventory management practices adopted are very risk averse leading to the holding of a lot of inventory at a time in their stores. This is due to the fact that there is need to consider the risk of lacking particular materials when they are needed by the personnel on the ground (Hillier and Lieberman, 2001). Royal Air force of Oman Inventory system The Royal Air force of Oman is no exception to the inventory management practices adopted by the military. ... Some of the items in the inventory have been there for many years and the military is now being faced with the risk of obsoleteness as new technology development has resulted in new more advanced military equipments (Max, 2005). Military organisations all over the world have traditionally focused on keeping high levels of inventory in order to be able to deliver the needed services and equipments to their personnel. This has therefore led to a situation where the military organisations have to take a risk averse position and adopt inventory management practices which allow the storage of high levels of inventory for readiness purposes. This is a practice that most military logistics personnel adopt and has resulted in a common believe that holding more inventory is better when it comes to being ready for warfare and being ahead of other military forces. It is however important that these military organisations adopt better inventory management practices so as to reduce the costs of s torage and the risk of obsoleteness. This will help them manage their inventory levels in a more cost effective manner thus lowering some of the heavy costs they have been incurring over time (Melcher and Ferrari, 2004). Inventory Management Systems There are several inventory management systems that can be used by an organisation to manage their inventory. These are; reorder point systems, periodic review systems and material requirements planning. The inventory management system adopted by military organisations such as the Royal Air force of Oman is based on the material requirements planning system. This is due to the fact that most of the materials purchased by the military are based on needs and therefore

Examine the nature of the distinctive managerial,organisational and Essay

Examine the nature of the distinctive managerial,organisational and developmental characteristics of small business visavis large companies.What are the impli - Essay Example Small businesses have distinct features in terms of management organization and development structures. According to Wood (1981), Business objectives are negotiated outcome of the inter play of power and influence between owners of property (capital) and those who do not own properties in the industrial field. (Monsted, 2005) In management, small scale businesses are usually owner-managed while in large scale businesses management has a formal structures with well articulated portfolios that are occupied by professionalism their field of business. Management has been charged with the responsibility of formalizing a coherent long-term industrial relations strategy. Successful small-scale firms engage in strategic management either knowingly and with a set vision or even unknowingly without any set vision. Success is related to sound management while failure shows management is somehow wanting. In the management of small firms owner-managers pursue personal goals which are geared by personal visions; this to some extent hinders achievement of success in the business relative to their large counterparts. This is different from the management in large firms because managers are directly answerable to the stakeholders. (Burns, 2007) In small firms' owner-managers, being the principal stakeholder, in most cases play a multiplicity of roles in management, thus the probability of poor decision-making is higher compared to large firms resulting to inappropriate actions due to lack of efficient management attention to issues that are strategic. (Nooteboom, 1994) Analysis of labor management in small firms commanded little attention during the 80's. Human resource management is a new type of management that is widely used in large companies to quite a great success and has since been introduced in the small firms as well. Previously, it was argued that industrial relations and personnel management in small firms was inexistent thus leading to exploitation of employees. Whereas as large companies dictate supplier relationship, the owners of small businesses are denied options regarding the way they manage labor as considering cost constraints and meeting targets for quality takes away the liberty of independent decision making. Research conducted in the personal field tends to focus on the large firms employing more that 100 employees on a full time basis at the expense of small firms. Small firms put more emphasis on the fields of accounting over personnel management (Nooteboom, 1994). The characteristics of personal ownership, independence and lack of marketing power are unique to the small businesses. These characteristics produce the constraints on management produce the constraints on management and financial resources that are an inevitable consequence of small scale, independence plays to the advantage of the small businesses is that decision making is fast and does not have to undergo all kind of bureaucratic stages as witnessed in large businesses. (Nooteboom, 1994) This saves time and if they make the right decision, they reap the whole of the returns. In small business, there is always room for innovation. This makes the small business to be able to come up with new products and services for the various markets. However, ideas developed in small-scale businesses are not likely to prosper because

Maya Civilization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Maya Civilization - Essay Example 800; this is lbeled the Old Empire (Hmmond, 1982:126). The remining My civiliztion of South meric migrted to the Yuctn; this is lbeled the New Empire. There were few cities left when the Spnish cme. Belize is not mentioned t ll, nd present-dy My civiliztion of South meric re usully dismissed s unimportnt nd insignificnt in numbers. Bsed on new reserch nd synthesis, the currently ccepted concept of My civiliztion of South meric origins differs rdiclly from tht formerly held. First, the new concept suggests tht the rise of My civiliztion of South meric civiliztion followed developmentl pttern common to the rise of ll civiliztions, with the usul regionl vritions. The new concept postultes tht the My civiliztion of South meric reched the threshold of civiliztion perhps s erly s 2000 B.C., in Belize, following severl thousnd yers of griculturl nd socil development similr to tht of ncient Mesopotmi nd Egypt (Schele, 1987:38). Extensive trde ptterns spred their culture over wide re of the estern mesomericn lowlnds. For time, city sttes in Belize nd in the Peten section of Guteml fought for supremcy. The Peten cities eventully collpsed. Mentime, My civiliztion of South meric living in the Yuctn were developing t slower pce, probbly becuse of less fvorble environment, which reched its ndir fter the collpse of the Peten. Torn by invsions of the Toltecs nd lter ztecs, they were declining, or t lest chnging, when the Spnish rrived. Never did the My civiliztion of South meric dispper, however. In fct, they still live nd spek vried dilects of their old lnguge in Belize, Guteml, nd Mexico (Hmmond, 1982:126). long culturl evolution from villge society to civiliztion ws spurred by severl fctors. First, popultion growth led to intensive forms of griculture nd more people ment the need for more stored wter to crry them through the nnul drought or dry seson. This, in turn, led to the cretion of reservoirs which clled for mngement. Stored wter lso becme mens of socil control, nd the kin group leders becme politicl leders s well. Religious ffirs re lwys importnt for kinship-oriented societies, nd the new elite probbly used this lever to rgue tht they nd their fmilies were socilly superior s result of genelogies which they linked to the gods of cretion. Rivlries mong the new elites led to wrfre, which ppers to hve ccelerted the move to more complex culturl forms. Skills lredy developed in building stone temples were dpted to the construction of defenses nd fortresses. Socil structure becme clss/cste society, nd politicl structures were trnsformed into stte-level orgniztions. Nerly ll mjor cultu rl institutions becme hierrchiclly orgnized s well. These chnges were ccomplished by 300. Therefter, My civiliztion of South meric prehistory ssumed fmilir historicl forms with the rise nd fll of dynsties, internl politicl intrigue, wrs between sttes, nd trde nd diplomtic connections with distnt powers. My civiliztion of South meric cities were sustined by lrge rurl popultions. Bsed on intensive ground surveys (mine nd others), there were s mny s 450 people per squre mile. This stounding density is similr to tht found tody in crowded rurl zones such s northern Nigeri. One current fllcy is tht ntive mericn popultions lived in hrmony with nture with reltively little deleterious effect. It is simply not true for the My civiliztion of South meric or mny other Mesomericn groups, nor probbly for the New World s

Issue Paper 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Issue Paper 2 - Essay Example This will assist children develop a sense of responsibility for their actions as well as decisions. Bringe mentions co regulation as a suitable parenting style for school aged children (196). It is through this parenting style that parents can support their children develop refined social skills, children learn to be cooperative, and children develop better communications skills. Children learn to tackle assignments without supervision from adults and they manage to complete assignments competently and satisfactorily. Parents who utilise supportive care for their school-aged children are in a better position to handle issues related with health and safety concerns (Bringe 197). Utilising a co regulation parenting style provides structure and nurtures school-aged children. Supportive care allows parents to assists their children with peer relations. Parents get to understand the role that friends play in the development of their children (Bringe 199). Middle-aged children are different from preschool children in terms of developmental events and changes. It is during the school age period that children mature and become responsible person (Bringe 193). It is in this stage that children develop social skills, sense of self-concept and other developmental skills. Parents, teachers, and other adults are optimistic of children in this age. Parenting style, interaction style and interaction with people outside the family system does affect a child’s development in the middle school age. Parents need to be familiar with the effective ways that they can use to assist their children develop a sense of responsibility without using assertive force (Bringe 196). Parenting is an important issue facing the society. Issues such as childhood illnesses, mental illnesses, juvenile crime, accidents, drug abuse, school disruption, underachievement, self-esteem issues, and child neglect issues single out parenting as a

Feminism and Vogue Cover Essay Example for Free

Feminism and Vogue Cover Essay 1. Theories * Concept of gender * Before 1970s: No concept of Gender * 1970s: Concept of Gender over determinism * 1990s: Diversity of Sex * Sexual desire is not natural instinct but product of society language (for example the re-production, instinct,..) * The society code of desire * â€Å"Feminist argue that media images of women are always directed at men and that women are encouraged to look at themselves and the other women the way men do† (Betty Friedan, 1963) * â€Å"Masculine Standards† are forced on women and used to evaluate women. * The nature and extent of hegemonic towards clothing and fashion * The magazine’s conceptions of women’s roles as expressed in its fashion photography fit a model of conflicted hegemony characteristic of American media and popular culture. * Fashion photographs generate enormous dissatisfaction among women because they create unrealistic expectation that most women are unable to break. * Fashion is a form of hegemonic oppression  an obligation weigh heavily on female 2. Analysis: Cultural Context * Cultural context Hegemonic and the power of fashion and clothing are expressed by choosing an influencing top singer Rihanna – the World’s sexiest woman according to Esquire magazine (2011) * Affect strongly to readers/buyers. It influents readers to follow the trend. * Overview Beautiful model Super make-up Beautiful/trendy dress Tone red-hot Simple color: focusing on the model * Detailed view: Posture: leaning away posture of the body, only show the face straight (intentionally turning her body inside) - raise the curiosity, create  the attractiveness, and hide away the imperfect part of her body. Make-up: extra make up especially focus on the lips (notice that Rihanna has beautiful full lips) (focus on the beautiful point of the model to gain attraction), also create the red hot ton-sur-ton with the dress. Clothes: tight to the body, show all the body line Show a lot of naked parts of the body, especially the sexy parts of a woman’s body (half of her breast and legs are showed) Action: pulling up her dress a little bit - sexually attractiveness is showed. (This could be understood that because the masculine standard is forced on women, therefore women found this is attractive. Only men want to see sexual poses and women are target, women are the physical attributor of sexuality) Masculine standard: short hair, strong facial expression, tattoo on the shoulder. Wild background (outside) Color: simple colors. Simple colors show mature. Only focus on red and the background’s color which is, somehow in the same tone color with the eyes - emphasize the focus to Rihanna’s eyes Stereotype: There are 2 stereotype facial expressions of the model on magazine cover 1. Exaggerated manner of smiling 2. Vacant gaze, directed at an unseen object. * These stereotypes of facial expression represent the subject is passive, alienated and not in control of the situation. * Because in this magazine cover, the facial expression is the 2nd type so they make the focus on the eyes. *Moreover, the lips of the model are a little bit open which shows sexual desire and insecure feeling. Headlines: The headline is the biggest and on top because it caused attention and Vogue is considered to be the most famous magazine about fashion - women get attracted by the name and will want to buy. Tittles: in white and only the main focus to attract women are in large font. What attract women? See the largest title under Rihanna’s name: I love to have fun. When this tittle is located in the sexy hot picture, ‘have fun’ sounds sexually. And that’s why it attracts women. * Women also want to have fun in ‘sex’ because it is always considered that man is the subject and woman is the object in sex so women  want to find joy of the other way around OR it can also be understood that women have the masculine standard force on them so they want to see what man want to see. Survey: What is the first thing that drags your attention when you look at the cover of this magazine (Vogue cover November 2012) * Although it is a woman magazine but focus on what man want, not what woman want. How magazine affects: The thinking that girls with big breast and small belly and long legs and full lips,†¦.are the beautiful girls comes from the media, actually the magazine’s concept. Beauty concept or sexual desire as well are all because if the society Sadism Cover Girls * What is Sadism? How is it represented in society? Sadism refers to the pleasures received by infliction of pain and suffering on another person for reasons of sexuality. Sadists paly a dominant role and get contentment by observing the masochist suffer. This caused by arousing incidents of sexual satisfaction and is represented through forms of sexual role play. Such examples including master and slave or teacher and student relationships * How Vogue creates a sadistic impression on its readers? Components that determine sadism. 1. Title â€Å"I love to have fun† sexually explicit headline. 2. Cover story is based on Rihanna, a sex symbol   3. The theme â€Å"Red Hot† sounds more sexually explicit in tone 4. Rihanna`s dress is revealing, pulling her dress up and strapless top 5. Rihanna`s pose is very sexual, her face shows emptiness and desire on her face * In the covers impress the sadistic pressure of people? 1. No need of help in mastering love moves that women can resist Since, the cover represents a girl that is beyond reach in real life, it completes the fantasy. This would help the men create confidence in them and be aroused into mastering love moves. 2. It doesnt create an intention but to help a man feel less guilty. It is fantasy and does not exist in real life. This helps men feel less guilty about their sexual fantasies 3. Women take satisfaction, parading all manner of fineries (clothes, furniture, travel destinations) that a successful woman might buy, or at least admire. While it surely exists to sell ads, t does remarkably well in exploiting ambition, and creating insecurity.

Critics of consequentialism Essay Example for Free

Critics of consequentialism Essay The paper discusses moral consequentialism and evaluates its criticisms. Critics of consequentialism argue that the latter doctrine requires us, under certain conditions, to do what seems intuitively to be the morally wrong act. The nature of this criticism originates from the widely accepted vision of consequentialism as too permissive and too demanding. The detailed analysis of the philosophic and moral assumptions renders a conclusion that both the permissiveness and demandingness of moral consequentialism are easy to argue and even deny. Whether moral consequentialism requires individuals to do what seems to be the morally wrong act depends on how they interpret these acts and in what conditions these acts are to take place. Briefly, this paper turns moral consequentialism into a conjunction of highly relative and subjective norms/ standards which change their meaning and leave no room for objective judgments. Keywords: moral consequentialism, permissiveness, demandingness, moral, philosophy. Moral Consequentialism Throughout its history, philosophy was always centered on the two major sides of the moral argument: deontological and utilitarian. Most of the time, philosophers found themselves torn between the need to follow the basic rules of the moral conduct and the need to achieve the greatest good for the greatest number of people. Today, deontology and utilitarianism/ consequentialism represent the two distinct lines of philosophic thinking and create a vision of continuous philosophic disintegration. Moral consequentialism is, probably, the major topic of the philosophic discussion and the principal object of philosophic criticism. Critics of consequentialism argue that the latter doctrine requires us, under certain conditions, to do what seems intuitively to be the morally wrong act. This criticism grows from the two most important philosophic assumptions about the permissiveness and excessive (almost extremist) demandingness of moral consequentialism. However, the detailed analysis of these arguments renders a conclusion that both assumptions are easy to deny: as a result, whether moral consequentialism requires individuals to perform acts that are intuitively wrong depends on how they themselves judge their actions and conditions in which these actions take place. Moral Consequentialism: A Flawed Theory of the Greatest Good Moral consequentialism argues that the need to promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people is the only moral factor that counts in the decisions, which individuals will take for or against particular acts (Kagan, 1998). The consequences of each particular action serve the basic criterion for judging its moral appropriateness. Contrary to deontology, which promotes and emphasizes the importance of rules and norms/ standards an individual is to follow, consequentialism seems to disregard these rules and sacrifices them for the sake of consequences. For this reason, moral consequentialism often becomes the primary object of philosophic criticism. Despite the relevance and importance of moral consequentialism in philosophy, its principles and assumptions are not without their flaws. More often than not, moral consequentialism is being criticized for the lack of adequate moral reasoning and the growing relativity of moral norms and standards, which individuals use to achieve the greatest good for the greatest number of people. McLean and Ellrod (1992) argue that â€Å"consequentialism is hardly a workable form of practical reasoning and calls into question the moral significance of its results† (p. 171). The problem with consequentialism is in that the need to promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people by all possible means fails to do full justice to the personal character of the moral duty (McLean Ellrod, 1992). Consequentialism often makes no difference who is to produce the maximum good and who is to become its beneficiary, while this difference is increasingly important and must count in any kind of moral judgments (McLean Ellrod, 1992). In this sense, consequentialism seems to operate in the atmosphere of the misplaced emphases and distorted views regarding morality, because morality is inherently personal and must focus on one’s moral identity. Consequentialism, however, denies the relevance of personal morality against the importance of the public good. The second problem with consequentialism is its functionality and its ability to lead individuals to the best moral conclusions. That consequentialism makes it difficult to arrive to objectively practical judgments is often considered as one of its major flaws (McLean Ellrod, 1992). Here, the two basic problems become obvious. First, the growing relativity of the moral norms and standards deny us an opportunity to judge what the maximum good for the greatest majority is and how we are to achieve it. Second, this very relativity of norms creates a number of conflicts in the process of choosing between several permissible alternatives: whether individuals are to choose the greatest good or the least evil is another point of philosophic argument (McLead Ellrod, 1992). However, even if these flaws are important and deserve attention, they only shape the basis for the profound philosophic analysis of consequentialism and its philosophic criticisms. Critics of consequentialism argue that the latter doctrine requires us, under certain conditions, to do what seems intuitively to be the morally wrong act. In this sense, two essential elements of moral consequentialism require attention: its overall permissiveness and moral demandingness. Critics of moral consequentialism claim the latter doctrine to be too permissive with regard to the acts and judgments individuals can make to achieve the greatest good for the greatest number of people. Others are confident that moral consequentialism imposes extreme (and even extremist) moral requirements on people, and they have but to comply with these requirements to maximize good for the greatest number of people. Moral consequentialism implies that individuals will have to overstep their moral convictions and perform acts that are intuitively wrong. The following sections analyze these two assumptions in more detail. Moral Consequentialism: Permissiveness and the Subjectivity of Judgments Critics of moral consequentialism claim that the latter doctrine may require individuals to do what seems the intuitively immoral act. In other words, moral consequentialism provides individuals with the absolute freedom to choose between acts which, although morally inacceptable, still lead them to achieve or to maximize the public good. â€Å"Because moral consequentialism accepts an inappropriately short list of normative factors, it permits acts that are not in fact morally permissible. [†¦] In short, consequentialism permits too much† (Kagan, 1984). For example, individuals may choose between killing a person and letting a person die simply because a murder or a death will save the lives of ten other people. Always immoral and intuitively wrong, the act of murder here is an excellent example of the permissiveness which moral consequentialism promotes and defends. To make the case more comprehensible, it is interesting to refer to the case of Chuck which Kagan (1998) describes in his book Normative Ethics. Kagan (1998) describes the case of the five patients, each of whom faces equal chances to die unless he can timely obtain an organ transplant. According to Kagan (1998), one patient needs a heart, two other patients need kidneys, one patient needs new lungs, and the fifth patient is in need for a new liver. Because of medical problems and because their tissues are incompatible, these five patients can hardly become donors for each other (Kagan, 1998). Yet, there is Chuck, a young man who comes to the hospital for a regular medical observation and has all organs necessary for the five patients to survive (Kagan, 1998). A surgeon thus faces a dilemma: to kill Chuck and to use his organs or to leave Chuck alive and to let the five patients die. This is the case which emphasizes the inherent permissiveness of moral consequentialism. Moral consequentialism justifies the decision to kill Chuck for the sake of saving the lives of the five patients. In case of killing Chuck, the surgeon will, most likely, achieve the maximum good for the greatest number of people: one does not need sophisticated knowledge of mathematics to understand that five lives are more than one. Regardless of the immoral character of murder, the holy goal of saving five lives will overweigh the terrible act of murdering one single person. This is where consequentialism justifies an act which seems to be intuitively wrong but which, nevertheless, helps individuals to achieve the maximum benefit for the greatest number of people. The question is, however, in whether moral consequentialism is always permissible and morally blind and whether the assumption about the moral permissiveness of consequentialism is always objective and justified. It appears that whenever individuals engage in activities that seem intuitively wrong but help them to achieve the maximum good for the greatest number of people, all they need is to reconsider and reframe the conditions in which these actions take place, to make them meet the basic requirements of morality. For example, the surgeon may find out that all Chuck’s organs are perfectly healthy and fit all five patients – in this way, he will meet the maximum benefit requirement (Kagan, 1998). The surgeon may kill Chuck secretly, to make his death look like the result of medical complications – in this way, he will avoid difficulties associated with the fact of murder (Kagan, 1998). Finally, the surgeon may pretend that the results of Chuck’s routine medical examination require immediate surgical intervention and that the life of Chuck is under threat – Chuck’s murder will thus look like a moral obligation the surgeon had to fulfill to save Chuck from physical suffering. If that is the case, the surgeon’s decision to kill Chuck will no longer seem intuitively wrong, and moral consequentialism will no longer look too permissive. The question is in whether it is worth killing one healthy person to save the lives of the five patients who, due to their health condition, will still die very soon. What are the chances that the value of their five lives will overweigh the value of Chuck’s life? These are the questions which one can answer only in particular circumstances and conditions. As a result, whether moral consequentialism requires that individuals perform acts that seem to be morally wrong depends on how they themselves judge their actions and in what particular conditions these actions take place. Moral Consequentialism, Demandingness, and the Value of Denial Critics argue that in particular conditions, moral consequentialism requires that individuals perform acts which seem to be morally wrong. This criticism originates from the assumption that moral consequentialism is inherently demanding and imposes too many moral obligations on individuals, even if the former go against the basic moral principles and individual convictions. Actually, moral demandingness of consequentialism is the notorious topic of discussion. Critics of consequentialism assume that moral consequentialism obligates people to make sacrifices that go beyond the limits of commonsense morality (Baier, 1958). For example, societies tend to believe that rich and better off society members are morally obliged to give up a share of their wealth to support those in need. Others are confident that, under the influence of consequentialism, individuals must make the largest possible contribution to the overall good regardless of the sacrifice such a contribution may incur (Kagan, 1984). Kagan (1984) even claims that â€Å"there is no limit to the sacrifices that morality can require; and agents are never permitted to favor their own interests at the expense of the greater good† (p. 239). Mulgan (2001) calls these claims as extremist and admits that at times the overall demandingness of moral consequentialism will make individuals perform acts that seem morally wrong. In his book The Demands of Consequentialism, Tim Mulgan (2001) provides a short tale: Clare, Amy, and Bob are sitting in the living room when a space alien enters their apartment in the striving to devour Clare (p. 154). The only way the company can save Clare from the tragedy is to cut away Amy’s arm and to throw it into the alien (Mulgan, 2001). The act will distract the alien and will give Clare more time to escape; meanwhile, Bob will find his weapons and will vaporize the newcomer (Mulgan, 2001). For Amy, who is to sacrifice her arm to save the lives of her friends, the decision will, naturally, seem inacceptable and intuitively wrong. However, because this is the only way for her to save the life of Clare and to achieve the greatest good for the greatest number of people, Amy will be pressured by the moral requirement to sacrifice her arm. The moral unacceptability of the decision to chop off Amy’s arm will become even more obvious in case Bob is the one to make it for her. If Amy is not obliged to sacrifice her arm but is only permitted to do so, Bob can readily become the one responsible for the mission of cutting off Amy’s arm and saving his company from the alien. Mulgan (2001) recognizes that in this case, Bob is allowed to chop Amy’s arm, to save his own and the life of Clare, even if this act seems morally wrong to him. In this case, the demandingness of moral consequentialism will reach the point, where individuals have the right to force other individuals to make sacrifices if they decide to refrain from such actions (Mulgan, 2001). Here, moral consequentialism becomes both permissive and demanding, and makes individuals engage in actions which seem to be intuitively wrong. Again, the extent to which this sacrifice is suboptimal is difficult to define. Whether the decision to chop off Amy’s arm is intuitively wrong will depend on a number of circumstances. It will depend on how the person himself judges his own actions and decisions. For example, there is always a distinction between subjective expectations and objective probabilities that particular actions will lead to specific consequences (Mulgan, 2001). Bob may believe that his decision to chop off Amy’s arm will cause her unbearable pain and will thus refrain from cutting off her arm. In reality, however, Amy may accept the need to get rid of her arm for the sake of saving the lives of her friends. In a similar vein, Bob may choose to interpret the decision to chop off Amy’s arm as the action with the lowest probability to cause harm to Clare and which also causes the least evil compared with other alternatives. Based on whether Bob views his decisions as the greatest good or the least evil, moral consequentialism will look more or less demanding. As a result, whether moral consequentialism requires that individuals engage in actions that are intuitively wrong depends on how they themselves judge their actions and in what conditions these actions are to take place. Conclusion In broad terms, moral consequentialism claims that the need to promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people is the only moral factor that counts in judging the righteousness and moral acceptability of each particular action. Critics often argue that moral consequentialism requires that individuals engage in actions which are morally wrong. The nature of this criticism originates from the assumptions about the excessive permissiveness and demandingness of moral consequentialism. However, the current analysis confirms that whether moral consequentialism pushes individuals to perform actions that are intuitively wrong depends on how they themselves judge their actions and in what conditions these actions are to take place. Despite relative demandingness and permissiveness, moral consequentialism always leaves much room for subjectivity and provides individuals with an opportunity to change their opinions and the opinions of others about the moral character of their actions and decisions. References Baier, K. (1958). The moral point of view: A rational basis of ethics. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Kagan, S. (1984). Does consequentialism demand too much? Recent work on the limits of obligation. Philosophy and Public Affairs, 13(3), 239-254. Kagan, S. (1998). Normative ethics. Colorado: Westview Press. McLean, G. F. Ellrod, F. E. (1992). Philosophical foundations for moral education and character development: Act and agent. CRVP. Mulgan, T. (2001). The demands of consequentialism. Oxford University Press.

Problems Facing Bmw Company Marketing Essay

Problems Facing Bmw Company Marketing Essay Globalization diversifies markets for vehicle manufactures where regions like Japan, North America and Western Europe are established big manufactures with over 18 vehicle manufactures across the board. This accounts for almost 90 percent of vehicle produced thus a scramble for available markets, attention now turns to upcoming economies like Russia, Latin America and Eastern Europe, Governments in developing economies aware of the value of their prospective growth auction off their market share to the highest bidders, like BMW, this investors hoping to increase manufacturing capacities so as to build their intended market bid away their economic returns and in so doing multiply the overcapacity problem on a large scale (Griffin Pustay 2009). Risks involved in venturing into new markets weigh in and most companies aware of the consequences of losing a market place bid, this either plays out in the company over bidding or throwing in the towel and losing the market.   Differentiation Successful ECO-Specialties must emphasize their differentiation. Differentiation means that the marketing mix is distinct from and better than what is available from the competitor; product differentiation is the core to a healthy market share. An abundance of option for the vehicle buyers exists with vehicle models with almost similar functional characteristics, BMW is now forced to manufacture unique products for a particular region at a point in time, and this is to cope with tastes and fickle needs of consumers. This differentiation wanes on their budget heavily since financial consequences of missing a market are disastrous (Prahalad Hamel 1990). Innovation Commitment to innovation and product variety has brought on the greatest challenge in the companies history, the intricacy and complexity of the functions offered in BMWs premium luxurious cars has burgeoned making manufacturing costs increase. Product development is the most financially taxing for BMW, the cost of developing a new models and model parts is enormous, time consuming and carries major risks. where the ford and general motors GM experience of 1970s and 1980s implies that commonization among manufactures leads to consumer backlash and confusion, BMW is now faced with expensive process of innovating prototypes and going through rigorous expensive and risk prone testing phases (Hollensen 2007). Competition Competition from other vehicle manufacturers dictate company strategies, with 69% of the market controlled by six companies its more difficult for a manufacturer to maintain his buyers without raids from rivals, this has the most direct effect on prices. Slow growth in automobile industry intensifies competition and has affected the BMW strategy leading to the BMW brand acquiring the merger partners (Tata Motors Inc. 2009). Substitute Products Substitute products threat on the auto market relates to products, materials or resources that may cause the demand for a product to shift. BMW targets premium buyers with whom quality matters, however other manufactures targeting this premium car market like, Mercedes, Audi, and the Porsche consequently become a close substitute to BMW. Global Warming With Global Warming a great concern in the modern world, environmental activists, non governmental organizations and governments are pushing for manufacturing companies to go green, BMW The carmaker, whose stable includes its core BMW brand along with the compact Mini and the super luxury Rolls-Royce, which hopes to deliver over 1.8 million vehicles a year by 2012 is faced with stricter regulation to conform, the company warned it is also likely to be confronted in the future by stricter emission standards in many countries. This implies further costs in innovation of more environmentally friendly engines, fuels and investment into alternative sources of energy to drive their cars. Proposed Solutions On globalization BMW can solve this over taxing problem through carefully calculated mergers and acquisitions, this allow the company to gain market share and penetration as well as access to already existing technology, local professionals and local brands. Furthermore, reviewing policies to improve the ratio of profitable to unprofitable customers which tends to run 20:80. Developing a global view of the brand and the buyers portfolio will reveal uncharted regions for expansion. And the use of existing plants in suitable locations to manufacture or assemble vehicles maintaining the quality of the BMW brand will greatly cut operational start up costs. Differentiation BMW has adopted advanced technology used to increase engineering and the quality of the models which are the route to competitive advantage. Mainly the major areas of differentiation are in alternative energies and security features, ensuring the brand maintains uniqueness, the BMWs 2002 (sports sedans) ensured differentiation was achieved, BMW use of advanced electronics make their cars luxurious as well as sporty to drive Innovation and product variety The use of technologically announced Intel Xeon processor 5500 series helps BMW Group to balance hardware, energy and application licensing costs, while also increasing its performance. This allows for new applications to be run, prototypes can be virtually created and tested virtually, Dr. Burkhard Goeschel, member of BMW board explains key areas of innovation incorporated in product development, this key areas include, Connected Drive which allows for an innovative and comprehensive concept networking the car, the driver, and the surrounding world, by-wire technology and iDrive control, all these concepts are available in the new BMW 7 series. Competition BMW has introduced new models, the x5, x3 and z4 with advanced electronics to make them sporty as well as luxurious, BMW has also acquired the Mini Cooper and Rolls Royce car manufacturers and the new models have boosted their competitive edge. Substitute products BMW prioritizes quality and product differentiation such that for its targeted premium market the BMW standards remain top and the car is still prestigious. Environmental challenges To combat this BMW along with other motor companies have tried to use some of the emerging technologies to make money, lower costs and ultimately help in reducing pollution. Toyota, Ford and BMW have incorporated this mentality in manufacturing of three lines of their cars, the new BMW 7series and the greatly awaited z4 are all projected to embrace these environmental friendly features, in future innovation of electric cars and alternative fuel sources are being considered. Major Strategic Alternatives BMW has established a basic supply chain in order to improve its load planning, this aids in determining its allocation strategies to cope with globalization; this supply chain ensures putting up of new manufacturing plants in suitable foreign countries and dedicated assembly lines for every product with few variants and thus increases productivity and reduces costs. With the market full of options for the buyer, the chain allows BMW to establish its brand in emerging anomies before competitors bid for market shares. Mergers and acquisitions of key brands of premium brands of cars have further solidified BMW market dominance. Beginning with the BMW Rover merger, the company has newly acquired MINI, and Rolls Royce cars. Its products cover the full range of size classes and car types but consist exclusively of premium-class cars, this allows the company to venture into new markets use the facilities used by former brands to re model new cars thus reducing operational costs while fostering growth. Unlike former mergers like the vole-Renault deal of the early 1990s which collapsed because the company cultures were incompatible, BMW integration with their new acquisitions have proved profitable, most vehicle manufactures have resulted to creating entirely new vehicle segments, and BMW hit home run with its 2002 sports sedan which generated returns to its innovator by fending its differentiated position, the company has designed and always built cars with exponentially greater responsiveness to a dri vers actions, this has been greatly attributed to the companies product differentiation policies (Teece et al 1996). The BMW engine roaring sound is music to the ears of sports and performance car lovers, outside the box thinking like the BMW sedans and convertibles give BMW a competitive advantage over other manufacturers. New and advanced technology like greatly improved safety features, advanced control features have led to market dominance. BMW cars typically have product life cycle of seven years. and according to Jim McDowell, vice president of marketing at BMW If a product is declining, we would prefer to withdraw it from the market, as opposed to having a strategy for dealing with the declining product this awareness ensures that BMW ventures are only profitable ones, the rover case shows how failing mergers operate and instead of working on it BMW sold it to UK venture capital firm Alchemy Partners (Siciliano Zuvich 2006). To foster growth BMW instead acquired profitable mergers like with luxury cars rolls Royce. This ensures the company always remains relevant to the market and trendy to its buyers With advancing technology and introduction of fiber optic cables in developing economies, the world has become a global village where car enthusiast can order in their premium BMW cars online, check features and ask questions on performance, : BMW Car maker uses web mostly to drive its brand, taking the phrase beyond the banner seriously, online adds like the Marketing Channels Internet 46860 banners, appear on equal rotating basis with each search result, with BMW targeting 26.5% the percentage of viewers between age group (25-34) , this along with E-mail Marketing, Brochure test-drive Registration for Mail alert message, and e-catalogue, enable more availability of information anywhere to prospective buyers, BMW has launched an email marketing campaign for the release of the long awaited Sporty new Z4 Convertible, Z4 BMW (Key General Motors Financial 2007). This guarantees availability to buyers who dont have to attend gallery shows at the dealership. BMW has established Numerous Overseas Subsidiaries in countries like, south Africa, India, china Canada and Egypt, where BMW vehicles are assembled, 2003 saw the signing of a deal the production of sedans in China, this subsidiary firms are well equipped to build cars for export to specific markets like, the south Africa plant builds left hand drives for the Taiwan market, and also right hand drives for sub Saharan Africa, Malaysia and Singapore. This shows a great understanding of the market and understanding of the buyer needs in different regions, Predictions If put in place supply chains will enable the company to greatly take advantage of existing infrastructure in different regions, this will allow for strategic allocation of plants in areas where the BMW brand will not be compromised, this areas will preferably have skilled professional workers, laid out infrastructure which the company will exploit. This aids in reduction of start up costs in new markets. Integration with already existing local brands allow for easy market penetration (Franey 2008). E-commerce is a must have for companies in the modern world and will increased emphasis on e marketing, BMW stands to break into markets far and wide, most upcoming economies have low income citizens without many premium luxurious cars available, the internet brings the BMW experience closer to them, thus when the market is established the concept of luxury cars wont be so alien, this allows for easier market penetration and preparation of a ready market (Juslin Hansen 2003). Product differentiation among premium car market is a key to successes, with the targeted buyer giving more emphasis to quality and uniqueness and elegance as opposed to pricing, BMW seeks to offer intricate designs and features to these new models allowing for elegance that buyers crave. In reaction to the differentiation major competitors like Volkswagen, Porsche, Mercedes, have released new models like the jeep Cherokee luxurious SUV, and the mustang pony cars so as to try and keep up. Establishing of overseas subsidiary in developing markets in the Latin America, and parts of eastern Europe, and Africa BMW will be able to put up assembly plants closer to the buyer, sales are predicted to sore with introduction of this new markets, the subsidiary firm are able to carry out research in respective Regions and integrate the outcome in their strategic plans to give the buyers exactly what they desire, this bolsters sales, Strategy outcome Prediction When implementing E- Marketing as a basis for extending growth and penetration to market regions, various risks are involved especially when the internet is being used to launch details of new vehicle series being manufactured, BMW had a case in 2004 when there were cases of website incursions, theft of vehicles and a constant threat of arson even in its UK head offices in Bracknel (Hambrick Fredrickson 2001). In addressing all these, the company specified a self-sufficient security solution that was cost effective and that required minimal human supervision and intervention. Reliance securities implemented a state of the art security solution including CCTV surveillance with intelligent detector activation, to avoid future incursions. Mergers and acquisitions are effective in breaking into new markets through acquiring and integrating an already existing brands, great risks are involved in such takeovers, having seen the BMW-Rover merger record massive losses, in light of this failure BMW has learnt to plan its mergers with companies whose cultures are compatible, this has seen successful mergers with luxurious car manufactures rolls Royce and the mini (Pearce Robinson 2009). Production of entirely new brands is the most expensive aspect of car manufacturing with average of 2 models released in a decade, across the wide range of car manufactures, though this allows for product differentiation and preferences to the buyer, great risks are involved, since the sports sedan in 2002, only the 2seater roadster and coupe have been sold since 2002 (Marshall Stuart 2008). The company has however heavily invested in technology when intricate applications are put in place to virtually make desired prototypes, and virtually test the models this greatly reduces costs of manufacturing a car and having it fail.   Many countries have enacted stricter environmental restrictions on pollution and emissions, BMW, has greatly put in place measures to manufacture more fuel efficient cars, this comes with elevated costs and consequently the cost is projected down to the buyers, more fuel efficient engines are expensive, electric cars which are regarded as the future are even more costly even to premium market target manufacturers, The 2011 BMW Active Hybrid 7 and the vision Efficient Dynamic Concept car which was unveiled during the September 2009 Frankfurt Auto Show are projected to offer fuel economy of 62.6 mpg. BMW also has a recycling policy where they use the shredded parts of the cars in their yard, this reduces pollution, and the foundation for the environmental friendly recycling of vehicles is laid during the production of each vehicle (Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft 2008).    Supply chains overall levels of integration ensuring a reduction to fixed costs of assets and labor, they also serve to reduce the number competitors supplying into the same market, for instance India is a viable market but has competitors such as, Audi, Daimler Chrysler, Tata, Mahindra an Hyundai looking to invest in that market by putting up assembly units, the supply will ensure such a flooded market is avoided or a more appropriate means of entry is effected (Thompson Strickland 1996). Globalization leads to governments of up coming economies take advantage of their growth potential and thus bid off their markets to the highest bidders amongst the major vehicle manufactures. But there is growing unwillingness within the supply community to invest in plants that might not reach potential in over a decade, this leads to investors pulling out instead of bidding away, this markets form good grounds for take over and acquisitions of already in place plants (Kiley 2004).

Eulogy for Grandmother :: Eulogies Eulogy

Eulogy for Grandmother I'd like to talk today about my grandmother, Ruth Smith - about who she was, what she meant to us, and what this day means. Grandma was a homemaker and a lifelong resident of Marshall. This might seem like a constrained life to some, but I don't think Grandma would have agreed, and I'd like to explain why. She was a person with great curiosity - she read all the time, she worked crossword puzzles every day, and she loved watching documentaries on television. In fact, she was working crossword puzzles right on up until the last month before she died, when she finally grew too ill to continue. Her curiosity also greatly affected me - when my brother Gus and I were little, we used to play a card game called 'Authors,' and from playing that game so much with her, I knew at a very young age who Mark Twain and Shakespeare and Nathaniel Hawthorne and many others were. The way she said these authors' names stirred in me a great desire to read them, and now, later in life, when I have read those authors, and taught them, I can sincerely thank Grandma for first creating that desire in me. I can also thank Grandma for inspiring a love of animals in my mother and in myself. Grandma always had a cat around her house that she cared for. She loved watching animal shows on television, especially if they involved cats. In fact, she considered herself a cat person, until she met my dog Alex. I say 'my dog,' but he's really my Mom's dog now, and for a lot of the time, when my Mom was traveling on business, it was my Grandma's dog too. We knew that both Grandma and Grandpa really like Alex when they let him sleep on the chest at the foot of their bed - now THAT was a big deal! She loved Alex, and she loved Libby, my replacement dog that I got once Mom had stolen Alex from me. Nothing tickled Grandma more than watching Libby tear up and down the floor, running back and forth like puppies like to do. Mom told me that she mentioned Alex and Libby to Grandma just a few hours before she died, and that she smiled when she heard their names. She also traveled widely - Grandpa always said that there was plenty here in Missouri to occupy someone, but Grandma felt a bit differently.

Tibet Essay -- Country Government Essays

Tibet Abstract The purpose of this paper is to give a descriptive account of the current atrocities being implemented by the Communist Chinese in the unlawfully occupied state of Tibet and the events, political and militant, that gave rise to these events since Communist Invasion and occupation in 1959. I plan to give a brief description of the political, legal, and military issues as well as the human rights violations that have occurred since 1959. This paper will convey my deep resentment towards human suffering, especially genocide and the apathetic response to it, the highest atrocity of man in my opinion. Facts about Tibet. 14,000 feet above sea level, high in the Himalayan Mountains lies Tibet, an occupied colony of the Peoples Republic of China. This small state consists of 6,000,000 Tibetans, 99% of whom illegally practice Tibetan Buddhism, called Mahatlayan, and an undetermined number of Chinese "colonists". The national language is Tibetan, though the new official language is Chinese. The economy is maintained by agricultural and animal husbandry, practiced by the Tibetans, and governmental commerce and service, practiced by the Chinese, who are now estimated to outnumber the native Tibetans. There are, in a sense, two governments of Tibet. The first is the Communist regime, headed by Party officials. The second is the government-in-exile being held in Dharamsala, in northern India, a stateless republic led by the Dalai Lama. Overview of Chinese Invasion and Destruction of Tibet: 1949-1959. During the establishment of a new Communist government in 1959, China sent an expeditionary force to Tibet in 1959. Tibet was forced to sign a treaty that acknowledged Chinese sovereignty over Tibet, though Ti... ...cMillian. 1960. Goldstein, Melvyn. History of Modern Tibet, 1913-1951. London, University of California Press: 1989. United States House Committee on International Relations: Current status on negotiations between the Tibetan government in exile and the Peoples Republic of China: Hearing before the C.I.R., House of Representatives, 105th Congress, November 6th, 1997, Released by Washington: U.S.G.P.O., 1998. China's Public Relations Strategy on Tibet www.afn.org/~afn20372/pol/bp.html (5-4-09) Tibetan Studies WWW Virtual Library www.ciolek.com/WWWVL-TibetanStudies.html (5-4-09) Home Page of Tibet www.omni.cc.purdue.edu/~wtu/tibet/Welcome.html (5-4-09) Tibet www.asnic.utexas.edu/asnic/countries/tibet/ (5-4-09) In the Court of His Holiness The Dalai Lama www.tibet.com/ (5-4-09)

When do we have time to consider time? :: Business and Management Studies

When do we have time to consider time? Timing is Everything†¦Culturally Speaking We never have enough time. It’s flying, wasted, or spent. In marketing, we strive to be punctual for meetings and deadlines. So when do we have time to consider time? For culturally sensitive marketers, time is key. When we look to establish an emotional link with a Hispanic consumer, we must consider the elements of culture that control values, thoughts, and behaviors; and time is one of these â€Å"dimensions [that] provides the nesting place for archetypes to take root.†[1] Westerners tend to view time as linear. We see events in a straight line, with each successive action following another. Many other cultures see time not as monochronic, but polychronic, which is characterized by events occurring simultaneously. The famous anthropologist, Edward T. Hall, conducted extensive research of monochronic and polychronic cultures found that cultural miscommunication is often the result of not understanding the different structures of scheduling or managing time. Hall concludes that monochronic cultures (primarily North America and Northern Europe) â€Å"emphasize schedules, punctuality, and preciseness.† Monochronic cultures emphasize â€Å"doing† things, productivity, and getting things done â€Å"one time.† Time should be managed and planned and not wasted.[2] A polychronic view of time, according to Hall, is primarily in Latin American, African and Native American cultures.[3] When considering other Hispanic archetypes, this is logical. Hispanic cultures â€Å"are more likely than Anglos to believe that nature and the supernatural control their lives.†[4] Therefore, time is associated with natural rhythms, the earth, and seasons. It is not manipulated, but with a higher power, and therefore it can be spontaneous or sporadic. â€Å"There is more valued placed on â€Å"being† than on â€Å"doing†.†[5] Now of course this view is over-generalized and simplistic. Levels of assimilation, occupation, and general demographics may all effect the degree of truthfulness in this assumption. Time can be a very individualized concept, which I proved arriving late to an interview with my Hispanic friend, Juan. He was born in Costa Rica, and immigrated to the United States when he was fourteen. He is now twenty-one and a college student. I sought to find out how he viewed time in Latin American versus the United States. Juan told me he was not offended by my tardiness, and asking why, he replied, â€Å"Maybe you were talking to friends or family.† This underscores another important dimension, the importance of interpersonal relationships in the Hispanic culture. Juan explained that when Americans travel to Costa Rica, they adjust to â€Å"Tico time†, or the timing of Costa Ricans. He described â€Å"Tico time† as much more laid back, and without rush. He made a clear distinction, however, between this attitude and procrastination.

Sex, Drugs, and Rock and Roll: American Youth Challenge Sexual Stereotypes

During the 1920s, some Americans—especially young college students—challenged traditional notions of proper behaviour. Encouraged by the decade’s prosperity, young people threw parties, drank illegal liquor, and danced new, sexually suggestive steps at jazz clubs. The 1920s saw a restless culture, spearheaded by America’s youth rebelling against the moral restrictions of past generations.After decades where a children directly married and entered adulthood the 1920s saw an emergence of a new group of people who were willing to push social norms, rebel against strict conservative values of their parents and shape culturally a relatively new society. The emergence of a youth culture was possible because of the rapid growth of sex, drugs and rock and roll; a time where conservative ideologies were imposed on liberal minds and a new rebellious youth society was born.The Sex: The flapper, one of the symbols of the 1920s, a new term used to describe a new group of young women who wore excessive makeup, drank, treated sex in a causal manner, smoke, drove automobiles and amongst everything discarded social and sexual norms. The typical flapper look was tomboyish and flamboyant: short bobbed hair; knee-length, fringed skirts, draping necklaces; and rolled stockings (Meyerowitz, 1275). The flapper’s behaviour was considered outlandish at the time, as it redefined women’s roles in society.These women began working outside of the home, thus challenging women’s traditional societal roles; they advocated for women’s rights and behaved in many circumstances like men. Although few women actually fit this image, it was used widely in journalism and advertising to represent the rebelliousness of the period. The flapper was portrayed in many Hollywood films and this new independent women attempted to empower other women to do the same. The introduction of flappers into daily life through media allowed for Americans to be int roduced to more liberal ways of thinking which allowed for the beginnings of the sexual revolution.Although all women were drawn to the rebellious ways of the flapper, many young urbanized women clung on to this new style of dress and behaviour and further questioned American social norms about sex and the role of women outside of the home. In addition with new social thinking and activities came new social conventions. Most prominently among the youth of the 1920s, sex became far less taboo than it had been previously. The sexual revolution was a social outlook that challenged traditional codes of behavior which related to sexuality and relationships between women and men.This revolution took place throughout the western world especially in the United States from the 1920s until the mid 1970s. Many of the changes brought about through the sexual revolution developed into new mainstream codes of sexual behavior. More and more of Americas youth both males and females alike were adopt ing these new sexual norms which were depicted in films and advertisements, this led to an increase in pre-marital sex and the introduction of casual dating into society.This increase in sex amongst non-married youth led naturally to the promotion of birth control, first with the condom, and secondly the birth control pill introduced in 1960 which allowed for women for the first time to choose if and when they wanted to become mothers (Tice, 153). These new methods of birth control brought with it changing ideas about women; female sexuality was less suppressed, skirt hems were worn higher, and makeup became more common.This change from a more conservative representation of women and men into a more risque depiction demonstrates a change in a societal and cultural outlook of what is acceptable. Jumping on this new more liberated bandwagon many companies depicted the new social norms in their advertisements Sex was more openly discussed and pre-marital sex more common; these new less traditional ideas about sex and sexual relationships was traveling fast across America to much dismay of the older more conservative generation.The TV, a device of ass communication along with other media outlets such as radios and magazines could broadcast information in a matter of seconds to millions of people; this large audience was broadcast ideas which transformed into social norms such as consumerism and sexual liberation. Sex and pre-marital relations were demonstrated in films, advertisements and talked about on the radio. People across the country were being introduced to these new less conservative ideas and a growing youth population was adopting these new values.Appendix A (a coke add from the 1030s) demonstrates the change in the way that women were portrayed in advertisements. The female character on the left from 1886 where she is fully clothed and proper, whereas the female character on the right from 1936, only 50 years later is dressed in only a bathing suit and is revealing much more skin. These advertisements demonstrated the change in society, through only 50 years what Americans deemed acceptable changed drastically and this is largely due to the sexual revolution started in part by America’s youth. The Drugs:Prohibition in the United States was a national ban, which made it illegal to manufacture, sell, or transport alcoholic beverages, went into effect from 1920 to 1933. Enforcement of prohibition, however, was sporadic, under funded and faced opposition in many northern states and cities. Bootleggers smuggled liquor from the West Indies and Canada, while â€Å"saloons† in every city provided alcohol illegally. Organized crime controlled the distribution of alcohol in major American cities, and gangsters such as Al Capone made a fortune while law enforcement officials often looked the other way.Capone’s income in 1927 was reportedly over $1 million, while the average American’s income was below $2,500 (Har ding, 1275-1276). Once again the more liberal minds of American youth along with many northerners who were apposed to this amendment refused to abide by these laws. Many southerners believed that the only behaviour associated with alcohol was mischief, fighting, gambling, and pre-marital sexual relations. The 1920s saw a growth of popular recreation, in part because of higher wages and increased leisure time.Mass circulation magazines like Readers digest and Time because hugely successful, radio rose in prominence as a source of news and entertainment, movies were an immensely popular leisure activity that children youths and adults alike all participated in and they all promoted the consumption of alcohol and tobacco (Glantz, 321). The ban on alcohol in America was lifted in part to attempt to restore economic prosperity during the great depression and in part to satisfy the desires of many liberal thinkers, northerners and youth who possessed a disregard for these constitutional a mendments.By the mid 1950s, when the consumption of alcohol was less taboo in the American society even Coca-Cola ads incorporated the use of their product with the sale and consumption of alcohol. Appendix B (coke add from the 1960s) demonstrates the willingness of Coca-Cola advertisers to associate their product with imported wines, and in later years Coca-Cola adds were associated with hard liquor stating that their product was â€Å"mixable†. The Rock & Roll: The 1920’s marked amazing changes to the already booming music industry, the introduction of the phonograph.This instrument allowed the distribution of music to flow much more freely, surpassing sales of both piano rolls and sheet music put together. The decade also marked the dawning of independent record labels which would in the latter part of the century spawn its own genre of music known as â€Å"Indy†. The two most popular form of music at the time was a typical ballroom style the bland boring son g of yesteryear, but then a sound was heard by the masses of which they never heard, it came booming from the bayou of a New Orleans and it was called jazz.Upon its first introduction to the masses jazz was a commercial success until the public found out that it was typically written and performed by African American artists. Louis Armstrong, Bessie Smith, and Duke Ellington all well known African American jazz artists preformed their upbeat melodies over the radio and in small bars giving a voice to African American culture and struggles (Aabery, 17). In and era of which racism was still rampant it was very difficult for the adult public to accept the music not for what it was but for who performed it.Alas it came down to America’s youth who finding jazz was similar in theory to their parents ballroom but with a more upbeat beat which encouraged dancing , the teens rebelled against their parents clear cut bigot beliefs and began listening to it giving jazz its true introduct ion into American homes in the late twenties. This was not the last time that teenage rebellion would give birth to new music trends . The 1960’s could easily be considered a time where rock and roll was truly born.The 1960’s bred an era of conformity men wore 3 piece suits day and night, women were stay at home mothers who’s place was in the kitchen and children were to abide my their parents wishes to the letter. A booming economy and a booming population the United States all was well though they were completely unaware that there was a pending invasion from Britain which would change their country in ways they could never imagine. The â€Å"British Invasion† began in late 1962 introducing a true rock band to American youths, The Beetles.Banned from their own country’s airwaves by their government the Beetle’s music debuted in the United States in the summer of 1962 igniting teens with a passion in which the likes would never be seen agai n. Banned in its own country and almost immediately band from every home by its adult occupants it was at first difficult to listen to until several business would play rock music in their stores to attract younger peoples business . Establishments like â€Å" Malt Shoppes† became places of congregation for teenagers looking to get a taste of their favorite drink and a bit of good old rock and roll.Soon the fandom of Americas youth became hysterical lines of screaming fans would wait all day to get a glimpse of their favorite bands, young women swooning and fainting at the mere sight of their idols who were in their parents minds the least reputable characters to ever look up to, they didn’t cut their hair, the wore strange clothes and spoke all to freely, traits which soon would be inherent in the majority of all American teens.This Also Gave birth the idea of free thinking teens who for the first time picked up an instrument and began to play because it was deemed co ol by the media, who rebelled not only against their parents particular views but the law, sit ins in parks, walk outs in schools and riots in the streets were just the beginning of what appeared to be a very long decade, until finally it all came to a boiling point in the penultimate year of the 1960’s.Until finally in 1969 it all boiled over on a 600 acre dairy farm in the town of Bethl, New York, Thousands of people flocked to see all of their favourite rock bands perform at what would come to be known as Woodstock, a festival that united for the first time in the history of the country people of every race, color, and gender all in one place for a single purpose, an event that would not be seen for nearly another 30 years (Pompper et Al, 276-279).Showing truly the power of individuality which the youth of America possessed to not survive but thrive in a sea of conformity of which their parents had built around them proving to the world that it could be changed. You would hardly be able to see a Coca-Cola add after the mid 1940s which was not directly advertised towards American youth. It was geared towards the new generation, full of liberal values and ideas of consumerism; they were for the first time in the history of America the â€Å"haves† as opposed to the â€Å"have nots†.Coca-Cola ads featured American hero’s such as baseball star Babe Ruth or boxer Jack Dempsey. Coca-Cola ads demonstrate the progression of many things throughout American life in the 20th century however evident is the transformation from a conservative adult run society to a more liberal youth orientated one. The introduction of sex, drugs and rock and roll into the American way of life by youths throughout the 2oth century has redefined social and sexual norms.

Life is full of challenges Essay

bearing is entire of challenges. In the stories, breakout Through Uncertainty-Welcoming mishap and Neighbours, written by Jim McCormick and Lien Chao, the important characters illustrate benefits derived from winning risks. Even though both people in these texts bear with personal challenges, in Neighbours the character, fissure, receives greater benefits from taking risks than McCormick in Breaking Through Uncertainty-Welcoming misadventure. Fear is a part of life, however, how we spunk it is what makes each of us unique. In the story, Breaking Through Uncertainty-Welcoming Adversity, McCormick faces a upkeep of death. Although he is a very experient jumper, one day, the lines of his parachute twisted and caused him to coiling down out of control. As he explains, The twists in the lines caused my parachute to take on an asymmetrical shape The problem occurred when the caper quickly became a rapid, diving descending(prenominal) spiral that was spinning me a skillful 360 degrees about once every morsel (7). On the other hand, the fear that Sally experiences in Neighbours, is not a personal fear of death, hardly rather a fear of another culture. Sally is a Chinese immigrant who fears not understanding Canadian culture and not fitting in. suppose more Essays About Challenges in LifeFor example, Sally is not a Canadian, but she hopes one day she will be (1). In addition, at the time, she feels inadequate (4) and disorientated (8) pay adapted to a lack of understanding. McCormick and Chao also enter other situations that involve mental and ruttish challenges. When McCormick realizes that his expertise would not be able to solve the problem, he has the challenge of evaluate this fact, Having successfully completed over 2100 jumps without having to use to my second parachute, it was hard for me to believe I had really encountered a problem I could not solve (7). Sometimes, being overconfident is harmful because it interferes with our ability to make the refuse decision.In the end, McCormick faces his tophus and overcomes his adversity, The real dragon is the self-doubt we carry within us (19). While McCormicks success is admirable, he overcome his self-doubt and solves his problem, Sally receives greater advantages from taking the risk of being sightly about her personal situation. Sally takes a big risk immigrating to Canada. She leaves her relatives, culture, and language stool in China. Sally meets a multifariousness elderly couple, Elizabeth and Joe who invite her to their apartment for a cup of tea and watch the fireworks. They argon generous and even offer her a free refurbished vacuum.

Burglary: Criminal Law and Effective Entry

Burglary is an move outence chthonian(a) Section 9 of the Thefts make believe, which is in 2 recognise parts. The first of all sub part is s9(1)(a) which states a person is guilty of burglary if he participates any twist or part of a create as a intruder with the intent to steal, inflict grievous physical h progress, or do un legal philosophyful damage to the building or anything in it. The second part is s9(1)(b) which says a person is guilty of burglary if having go intoed a building or part of a building as a trespasser, he steals or attempts to steal anything in the building or inflicts or attempts to inflict grievous embodied harm on any person in the building.The difference between the two subsections is the figure at the time of entry. For physical exercise s9 (1)(a) the defendant must(prenominal) prolong the intention to steal, ca intention GBH or do un lawfulnessful damage at the time of entry. For s9 (1)(b) what the defendant intends to do is irrel evant the prosecution must recruit that the defendant aimted or attempted to commit Theft or GBH. So already at that place ar some confusions with whether or not the defendant would be guilty of Burglary under s9(1)(a) or s9(1)(b). presentation is not defined in the Theft Act, unless in that respect encounter been several solecisms that help us on what the word Entry actually means.The first pillowcase on Entry was the case of collins 1972. In this case the defendant had drunk alcohol and decided he wanted to have sex. He saw a window that was open and climbed a ladder so he could have a require in. He saw there was a naked girl inside asleep on her bed. So he went down the ladder took off his clothes and climbed back up it to the girls room. She woke up and ideal it was her boyfriend and helped him into the bedroom where they had full intercourse. Collins was convicted on s9(1)(a) as he entered with intention to rape.Before 2004 if someone was get in a building with t he intention of rape it would be involved in this section, but now it is under the Sexual Offences Act. Collins appealed to his conviction as he said that he wasnt a trespasser when he entered the building as the girl invited him in. The judicatory of allurement quashed his conviction as there was no evidence that he was a trespasser and this is what is necessitate to be guilty of s9(1)(a) and of course Burglary. Brown was in like manner another(prenominal) case that helped clarify what was regarded as entry. The defendant was standing outside but leaning in finished a shop window rummaging through the goods.His feet and lower physical body structure was outside the shop. The salute of Appeal decided that he had usefully entered the building and thusly his conviction was upheld. However in the case of Ryan the take aim for effective entry was not followed. In his case the defendant the got trapped in the window he was trying to climb through into a mob at 2. 30 am. His he ad and right arm was stuck inside the preindication and the rest of his body was outside. This could bargonly be seen to be an effective entry. How ever the Court of Appeal upheld his conviction as they said the board could find that the defendant had entered.So what actually qualifies as an effective entry is disc overed in these cases. They have sharp by cases like Brown that you will unagitated be guilty of burglary even if your whole body isnt inside the actual building. Also by cases like the Collins case if you have been invited in by anybody then you female genitalianot be guilty of burglary as youre not a trespasser. The Theft Act does however give a description of what is considered as a building or part of a building. All inhabited places are considered as buildings so that would include houseboats or caravans, are considered as buildings/dwellings.To be a considered as a building the structure must have some degree of permanence. The important problem for the court s, have occurred where a structure such(prenominal) as a portacabin for sheath has been used for warehousing or office work. Moveable structures like this can be seen as buildings even though their use in particular places is only temporary. Section 9 (4) deals with what is considered to be a building and it also says buildings include inhabited vehicles or vessels. Two cases that helped clarify what was considered as a building was the cases B and S v Leathley.In this case a 25 foot longsighted freezer container had been kept in a farmyard for over two years. It was used as a terminal facility. It rested on sleepers, had doors with locks and was connected to the electricity supply. This was considered a building because it had some degree of permanence as it was there for 2 years. In the case of Norfolk constabulary v Seeking and Gould, a lorry pigeon berry with wheels which had been used for over a year for storage, had stairs providing access and was connected to electrici ty supply, was held not be a building.The fact that it had wheels meant that it remained a vehicle. The courts have act to clarify what a building is but it is unflurried very un name as some aspects of what the courts look at are still very difficult, such as how long the structure is there for. routine of building is used to cover situations in which the defendant may have licence to be in one part of the building and is therefore not a trespasser, but doesnt have liberty to be in another part of the building. An example of this is the case of Walkington.In this case the defendant went into a restitution area in a shop and clear a till. This area was clearly marked by a three-sided counter. The defendant was convicted of burglary under section 9(1)(a) as he was a trespasser when he went behind the counter. The critical point in this case was that the counter area was not an area where customers were permitted to go. retributive like storerooms in shops customers are allowe d to be in the shop but not the storeroom. I commend that the courts have clarified this very well because of the examples that have used especially the case of Walkington.And the example of stack not being allowed in storerooms but they are allowed in the shop. Also students are allowed in almost places in school but they wouldnt be allowed to stroll into their head teachers office. In order for the defendant to commit burglary they must enter as a trespasser. If they have permit to enter then that makes them not a trespasser as we have seen in the Collins case that I have explained above in the first paragraph. The authoritative use of the word trespasser in law comes from the civil law.It was assumed that the meaning of trespasser would be the same as in civil law that trespass is entry without the consent of the lawful occupier of the building. The case of Collins made it clear that there was more(prenominal) required that just the entry. They postulate to prove that the defendant entered knowing he was a trespasser or was reckless as to whether or not he was entering the premise of another without permission. Going beyond permission is where the defendant is precondition over permission to entre but then goes beyond that permission and then is considered a trespasser.This is explained in the case of the smith and Jones. In this case Smith and his friend went to Smiths scrams house in the middle of the night and took two video sets without the fathers permission. The father stated that his son would not be a trespasser in the house he had a general permission to entre. They were convicted for burglary as they had gone beyond their permission to be there. This is similar to the case of pooch v R, where one person was going away and asked the neighbour to watch the house and told them where the key was. The defendant used the key to entre and steal.He was found guilty of burglary. at that place are many situations where a person has permission to entre for a limited purpose. For example when people go to a concert they are only allowed there for a certain amount of time. The offence of Burglary has been given a definition by Parliament, but it has been odd to the courts to clarify all the key points. All the areas have been explained but some have been clarified more than others and as a consequence some areas are still very difficult to understand for example what is a building or part of a building, and going beyond permission.